This research is devoted to the study of the water regime of Betula pendula Roth. The evaluation was carried out according to the results of the study quantitative indicators of stomata leaf blades. The analysis was carried out during the summer period. It was found that at the beginning of summer the water-holding capacity is high, and at the end of summer, closer to autumn, it is low. The data obtained show a strong dependence of the number of stomata on the air pollution of the habitats of the studied species.
Distribution of indicators of the amount of dust on the leaf blades of Betula pendula Roth. growing in G. O. Tolyatti
2015 / Yulia BelyaevaThe results of the study of the water-retaining capacity of the leaf blades of Betula pendula roth. , growing under conditions of anthropogenic impact (on the example of G. O. Tolyatti)
2014 / Yulia BelyaevaIndicators of fluctuating asymmetry of Betula pendula Roth. Under conditions of anthropogenic impact (on the example of G. O. Tolyatti)
2013 / Yulia BelyaevaIndicators of fluctuating asymmetry of Betula pendula Roth. In natural and anthropogenic conditions Togliatti
2014 / Yu. V. BelyaevaComparison of Morphological Characteristics of Betula pendula Leaf in Urban Environment
2013 / Hikmatullina Gulshat RadikovnaPeculiarities of ecological and biological state of urban tree plantations (on the example of Betulapendula)
2018 / Belyaeva Yu.V.Variation of the Pigment Complex of Betula L. Plastids Depending on Environmental Factors
2014 / Balandaikin M.E.Kavelenova L. M. Problems of organizing the system of phytomonitoring of the urban environment in forest-steppe conditions. Tutorial. Samara: Univers Group Publishing House, 2006. 223 p. Bukharina I. L., Povarnitsina T. M., Vedernikov K. E. Ecological and biological features of woody plants in an urbanized environment. Izhevsk: FGOU VPO Izhevsk State Agricultural Academy, 2007. 216 p.
2008 / Rosenberg G. S.Hungarian lilac - a promising bioindicator for a comparative assessment of the degree of pollution of the urban environment
2014 / Polonsky V.I., Polyakova I.S.Assessment of the state of deciduous trees and the composition of phyllophages in the conditions of Yoshkar-Ola
2017 / Turmukhametova Nina ValerievnaThis research work is devoted to the study of the water regime Betula pendula Roth . The evaluation was conducted according to a study of quantitative indicators of stomata of the leaf blades. Analyzing was conducted in the summer. It was found that in the early summer high performance water-holding capacity, and at the end of the summer, closer to the fall low. These data show a strong dependence of the number of stomata on air pollution habitats studied species.
Terrestrial ecosystems
RESULTS OF THE STUDY OF THE NUMBER OF STOMATOMS OF THE LEAF LADES OF BETULA PENDULA ROTH.
© 2015 Yu.V. Belyaeva
Institute of Ecology of the Volga Basin, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tolyatti Received January 12, 2015
This research work is devoted to the study of the water regime of Betula pendula Roth. The assessment was carried out according to the results of the study of quantitative indicators of stomata of leaf blades. The analysis was carried out during the summer period. It was found that at the beginning of summer the water-holding capacity is high, and at the end of summer, closer to autumn, it is low. The data obtained show a strong dependence of the number of stomata on the air pollution of the habitats of the studied species.
Key words: water regime, quantitative parameters of stomata, leaf blades, Betula pendula Roth., developmental stability, anthropogenic, biotic and abiotic factors.
INTRODUCTION
The urban district of Tolyatti is one of the most developing centers of Russia. The main sources of air pollution are the largest enterprises in the automotive industry, petrochemistry, production of chemical fertilizers and building materials, thermal power plants and boiler houses, road and rail transport with a high density of road traffic, and a river port. Additional - population growth, intensive development of residential and administrative buildings. An assessment of air pollution in the city of Togliatti revealed that the atmosphere of the Central District is the most polluted (2 and 1.3 times higher than the permissible), followed by Komsomolsk District (2 and 1.1 times higher than the permissible), then Avtozavodskoy District (1. 9 times), the suburban area is minimally polluted (according to the Federal State Budgetary Institution "Privolzhskoye UGMS", 2015).
The high degree of pollution inherent in such cities leads to the weakening of some types of woody plants, their premature aging, reduced productivity, damage by diseases and pests, drying out and death. Betula pendula Roth, is a common tree species in urban plantings
For resistant species of woody plants
characterized by such signs as a larger number 1 2
stomata per 1 mm of leaf surface; shorter duration and degree of their openness during the day; a large thickness of the cuticle and the presence of additional integumentary formations; less thickness and ventilation of the spongy parenchyma; a smaller value for the ratio of the height of the palisade fabric to the height of the spongy one.
Belyaeva Yulia Vitalievna, assistant, [email protected]
Scientific research is needed to study the mechanisms of adaptation, growth and development of woody plants, as well as their survival in the face of the negative anthropogenic impact of industrialized cities. At present, the work in the field is relevant environmental monitoring, which includes chemical, physical and biological methods for assessing the quality of the environment. We conduct a comprehensive ecological and biological assessment of the state of urban woody plants. Using an ecological and biological assessment, one can obtain specific data on the state of green spaces in an urban environment subject to anthropogenic and climatic influences. In the Samara region, the summer of 2010 was distinguished by three months of no rain, extreme dryness of the air and, as a result, numerous fires that destroyed many hectares of precious forest. Heat, temperature over 40°C, plus 45°C in the shade, plus 70°C on the soil, dry ground at a depth of 3-6 m, constantly scorching sun, as well as reflected heat and light in the city. These factors influenced plantings of Betula pendula Roth. growing in the city and suburbs. Over the following years, the fact came to light that individuals of Betula pendula Roth. continue to suffer and wither. Therefore, the problem of the effectiveness of this plant species and the measures to restore plantings of Betula pendula Roth is particularly acute. or replacement with other more sustainable species, as well as the stabilization of the ecological situation in the city.
MATERIAL AND METHOD
It is known that the processes of water evaporation (transpiration) and gas exchange in plants occur through stomata. Air pollution affects the stomatal apparatus of plants, which leads to
stomatal dysfunction and plant death. By counting the number of stomata on leaf blades and comparing with the control, you can get data that speaks about the state of the plant, its adaptive ability, and also identify places of increased pollution.
The study areas are located in the continental climate zone of temperate latitudes with characteristic arctic and tropical air. In winter, this manifests itself in the form severe frosts, and in summer - sharp fluctuations in temperature during the day. In a year, the average monthly air temperature in Tolyatti varies from +20.7°С in July to -11°С in January.
The aim of the study was to assess the state of Betula Pendula Roth, under the conditions of anthropogenic pollution of the city of Tolyatti, using the anatomical and physiological characteristics of leaf blades.
The research was carried out in 2013-2014. on five experimental sites of two administrative regions in various types of plantations. In the Avtozavodsky district, these are the Industrial Zone and Victory Park. In the Central District, this is Banykina Street and a suburban forest. The control site was located in the Uzyukovsky forest (25 km from the city limits).
The object of the study was Betula Pendula Roth, which grows in all districts of the city and beyond the city limits. This is a plant species of the genus Birch (Betula), family Birch (Betulaceae). Fast growing tree species. Very photophilous, her crown is openwork, lets in a lot of light.
The subject of the study is the quantitative indicator of the stomata of the leaf blade of Betula pendula Roth. This technique was tested for Betula pendula Roth, which grows in various natural cenoses and urban areas of the city of Osh. Togliatti, Samara region.
The assessment of the anatomical and physiological state of the leaf blades of the studied species was carried out in June, July and August by a method developed on the basis of standard methods. The study of anatomical and physiological parameters was carried out by counting the number of stomata per 1 mm2 using a microscope. Mathematical processing of the obtained data was carried out using the Microsoft Office package - Microsoft Excel. Correlation analysis was used to interpret the obtained results.
Medium-aged plants were used for analysis. The leaves were taken from the lower part of the crown, at the level of a raised hand, with maximum number available branches (from branches of different directions, conditionally - to the north, south, west, east), 10 leaves from each tree in each area. The leaves were taken approximately one, average for this type of size.
The stomata were counted under laboratory conditions. On the evaporating surface of the leaf of leaf blades prepared for the experiment, superficial incisions were made with a scalpel at a right angle to the central vein every 2–3 mm, and a thin layer of the epidermis was cut off. The epidermis of the leaf blade was placed in a drop of water on a glass slide, covered with a coverslip and examined under a light microscope at low magnification, and then the microscope was transferred to a higher magnification with an x40 objective and an x16 eyepiece. At the same time, the focus was slightly changed with a microscrew in order to detect all the stomata in the area under consideration. The average number of stomata in the field of view of the microscope was determined by examining several (3-4) fields of view in different parts of the preparation. The number of stomata in a light spot was counted in three places on each leaf: two places were chosen on a mentally drawn straight line from the central vein to the leaf edge, and the third was chosen at the top of the leaf.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The results of the study showed that Betula pendula Roth., which grows within the city - the Industrial Zone, Victory Park and Banykin Street, has a greater number of stomata per 1
mm leaf surface, compared with the suburban forest and control - Uzyukovsky forest. The maximum increase in the number of stomata per 1 mm2 of the leaf blade is observed in the Industrial Zone. When approaching highways, the number of stomata increases dramatically. The obtained indicators of the number of stomata of leaf blades in 2014 are higher than in 2013. Due to the fact that 2014 was drier than 2013, the summer season of 2013 was characterized by frequent precipitation in the form of rain. A visual comparison of the size of stomata from leaves from different parts of the city showed a visible decrease in their size as the air became polluted.
The integrity of stomatal cells is violated under the influence of chemical air pollution. The guard cells of the stomata are unable to regulate the width of the stomatal opening. From this, the stomata are constantly open and the plant's water consumption for transpiration increases. What does the plant do in such a situation? Increases the number of stomata on its leaf blades, thereby compensating for the decrease in leaf size. A decrease in the area of leaf blades irreversibly leads to a reduction in the stomatal apparatus, therefore, an increase in the number of stomata with a decrease in the total area of leaves leads to the preservation of the functions of gas exchange and transpiration of leaf blades of Betula pendula Roth. The data obtained over the two years of the study suggest that the decrease in the size of leaf blades is compensated by an increase in the number of stomata. Compared to the reference plot 202
Terrestrial ecosystems
in the Industrial Zone 445 (an increase of 2.2 times), in the Victory Park 411 (an increase of 2 times), on Banykina Street 334 (1.6 times) and in the suburban forest 244 (1.2 times). From the chart
it can be seen that for the year the number of stomata of leaf blades increased by an average of 3.5 times.
500.00 a ■o g 450.00 i S s c S ï 400.00 II g 1,350.00 § O ÜJ ^ 300.00 iä s E 250.00 ii ¥ 4,200.00 3 4 * 150.00 461.00 4Ï!),00 --■
206,OO^^^i-^^^231.00
Uzyunovsky Forest City Forest Banykin Street Victory Park Industrial Zone
Number of stomata per 1mm2 (2013) 198.00 231.00 319.00 392.00 429.00
Number of stomata per 1mm2 (2014) 206.00 257.00 348.00 430.00 461.00
Rice. The results of the estimation of the number of stomata in the leaves of Betula pendula Roth. for 2013-2014 CONCLUSION
Based on the calculations, it was calculated
the average number of stomata per 1 mm leaf blade. The prototypes were collected from various sites. Based on the results, a graph was constructed in which the average data from different points of the study were expressed in a curved line, indicating an increase in the number of stomata as air pollution increased. Our experimental data indicate that in the g.o. Togliatti, under conditions of complex atmospheric air pollution, high content of vehicle exhaust gases, a weakening of the vital state of Betula pendula Roth is observed, which is expressed in the deterioration of the anatomical and physiological characteristics of the leaves. However, an increase in the number of stomata on a leaf blade, a change in the area and weight of the leaf, dispersion, and leaf anatomy should be considered as an adaptation of the population of Betula pendula Roth to the conditions of technogenic pollution of the urban environment.
Betula pendula Roth, a highly adaptable species. But the anthropogenic load, which is growing every year, is so great that there are more dead individuals than adapted ones. It is clear that in order to improve the ecological situation in the city of Tolyatti, it is necessary to plant Betula pendula Roth, in places where there is no vegetation, and there are roads with a large vehicle load (for example, the Industrial Zone). The conservation of Betula pendula Roth individuals is just as necessary as the planting of young specimens, because the death of one plant species means a threat to the existence of 10 to 30 species of living creatures.
An ecological and biological assessment of the state of woody plants according to various bioindicative indicators should be used when studying
following the state of the plant and the urban environment.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The author expresses his deep gratitude and sincere gratitude to his supervisor C.B. Saxonov (IEVB RAS, Togliatti) for understanding, support and valuable advice, V.N. Kozlovsky (PVGUS, Tolyatti) for directing to the true path and invaluable support, O.V. Kozlovskaya (PVGUS, Tolyatti) for her personal example and invaluable support, A.V. Grebenkin (RGGU, Tolyatti-Moscow) and A.S. Mychkina (VEGU, Tolyatti) for their help in the field collection of material and friendly support, M.A. Pyanov for constructive criticism (PVGUS, Tolyatti), V.M. Vasyukov (IEVB RAS, Tolyatti) and A.V. Ivanova (IEVB RAS, Togliatti) for valuable advice and kind attitude. Special thanks for understanding and patience to my dear mother L.V. Belyaeva.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Alekseev V.A. Forest ecosystems and atmospheric pollution. L.: Science. 1990. 197 p.
2. Belyaeva Yu.V. The results of the study of the water-holding capacity of leaf blades of Betula pendula roth., growing under conditions of anthropogenic impact (on the example of Tolyatti) // Izvestiya Samara Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences. 2014. V. 16, No. 5 (5). C. 16541659.
3. Bioecological research [Internet resource] - Access mode: http://nsmelaya.narod.ru/ecopraktika.htm
4. Bulygin N.E., Yarmishko V.T. Dendrology: textbook / 2nd ed. erased - M.: MGUL, 2003. 528 p.
5. Grozdova N.B., Nekrasov V.I., Globa-Mikhailenko D.A. Trees, shrubs and vines. M: Timber industry, 1986.
6. Zakharov V.M., Baranov A.S., Borisov V.I. et al. Health of the environment: assessment methods. M.: Center for Environmental Policy of Russia, 2000. 68 p.
7. Kavelenova L.M. Problems of organizing the system of phytomonitoring of the urban environment in the conditions of the forest-steppe. Samara: Univers Group Publishing House, 2006. 223 p.
8. Kavelenova L.M. Ecological bases and principles of building a system of phytomonitoring of the urban environment in the forest-steppe // Vestnik Sam. state un-ta, 2003, special. issue 2. 182-191.
9. Kavelenova L.M., Prokhorova N.V. Plants in environmental bioindication. Tutorial. Samara, 2012.
10. Kozlovskaya O.V. Materials for the flora of the Povolzhsky settlement and its environs (city district of Tolyatti). 1: Dicotyledonous plants // Ecology and geography of plants and communities of the Middle Volga region. Proceedings of the III scientific conference (Tolyatti, Institute of Economics and Economics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, October 3-5, 2014) / Ed. S.A. Senator, C.B. Saxonova, G.S. Rosenberg. Tolyatti: Kassandra, 2014, pp. 210-216.
11. Kulagin Yu.Z. Woody plants and the industrial environment. M.: Nauka, 1974. 125 p.
12. Nikolaevsky B.C. Biological bases of gas resistance of plants. Novosibirsk: Nauka, 1979. 280 p.
13. Polevoy V.V. Physiology of plants. M. 1989. 464 p.
14. Saeenko O.V., Saxonoe C.V., Senator S.A. Materials for the flora of the Uzyukovsky forest area // Research in the field of natural sciences and education. Interuniversity. Sat. scientific research works. Issue. 2. Samara, 2011, pp. 48-53.
15. Saxon C.B., Senator S.A. Guide to the Samara flora (1851-2011). Flora of the Volga basin. T.I. Tolyatti: Kassandra, 2012. 511 p.
16. Togliatti Specialized Hydrometeorological Observatory, State Institution, Samara Center for Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring (data).
RESULTS QUANTITY OF STOMA LAMINA BETULA PENDULA ROTH., GROWING UNDER ANTHROPOGENIC IMPACT (ILLUSTRATED G.O.TOLYATTI)
© 2015 Y. Belyaeva
Institute of ecology of Volga basin of RAS, Togliatti
This research work is dedicated to the study of the water regime Betula pendula Roth. The evaluation was conducted according to a study of quantitative indicators of stomata of the leaf blades. Analyzing was conducted in the summer. It was found that in the early summer high performance water-holding capacity, and at the end of the summer, closer to the fall - low. These data show a strong dependence of the number of stomata on air pollution habitats studied species.
Key words: water regime, quantitative indicators of stomata, leaf blades, Betula pendula Roth., developmental stability, anthropogenic, biotic and abiotic factors.
Belyaeva Julia Vitaljevna, assistant, [email protected]
All-Russian Verification work VPR Biology Grade 5 Option 2 All-Russian Verification Work
1.1. Consider the image.
Show with arrows in the figure and sign the organs of the linden: stem, leaf, bud, flower.
1.2. Which of the organs of linden: stem, leaf, bud, flower is a rudimentary escape?
1.3. The list below lists the functions of plant organs. All of them, with the exception of one, are performed by the stem. Write down the function that "falls out" of the general series. Explain your choice.
Supporting (carries leaves, flowers and fruits), mineral nutrition, conductive, vegetative reproduction.2. In winter, black fruits - nuts - are noticeable on bare linden branches. Nuts hang in small clusters, each cluster has a wing. The wind blew, tore off several clusters along with wings, whirled and dropped one next to the tree, the other - away. Find in the list below and write down the name of this process.
Flowering, development, resettlement, fruiting. 3. 
Describe the linden leaf according to the following plan: leaf type, leaf venation, leaf blade shape.
A. Sheet type
B. Leaf venation
B. The shape of the leaf blade
| A | B | IN |
4. Linden has always been considered a valuable tree in Russia. Painted Khokhloma dishes and nesting dolls are made from it (A), and in the old days, shoes (B). Write down the parts of the plant that are used in each case.
BUT: _____________________
B: _____________________
The student looked at the cellular structure of the leaves of various plants under a microscope and made the following drawing. What in the drawing of the cell of the sheet did he designate with the letter B?
6. Insert the missing words from the proposed list into the text "Reproduction".
BREEDING
There are two forms of reproduction of living organisms. During ________ (A) reproduction, special cells are involved - ___________ (B). From two cells a new cell is formed - ___________ (B). The new organism combines the characteristics of both parents.
Word list:
1) sexual
2) gamete
3) asexual
4) zygote
5) germ
6) larva
Write in the table the selected numbers under the corresponding letters.
Answer:
| A | B | IN |
Which plant contains stomata only on the upper side of the leaf?
Which plant has the most stomata?
Which plant has approximately the same number of stomata on both leaf surfaces?
7.2. Below are images of the plants indicated in the table. Label each picture with the name of the corresponding plant.
A B C D:______________
7.3. These plants are used by man. Under each of the examples below, write the name of the corresponding plant that is of practical importance to humans.
A B C:______________
8.1. Read the text and do the task.
Which sentences of the text describe the signs on the basis of which it can be concluded that the bustard is the heaviest migratory steppe bird in Russia? Write down the numbers of the selected proposals.
8.2. Read the text and do the task.
(1) The main habitats of bustards are steppes, forb meadows and winter fields. (2) The average weight of adult birds is 16 kg, sometimes even 25 kg. (3) Plumage color is red with black speckles, white below. (4) Bustard nests are arranged in winter fields right on the ground. (5) The bird's gait is unhurried, measured. (6) Some birds winter in Transcaucasia, but most fly away for the winter outside Russia
Make a description of the great egret according to the following plan.
A) In comparison with the bustard: larger/smaller.
B) The similarity between the bustard and the great egret is that they
C) Where does the great white heron live and what does it eat? (Give at least two examples.)
Answers
1.1. 
1.2. The kidney is the organ of the plant, from which the shoot appears in the process of development.
Answer: Kidney.
1.3. The function that falls out of the logical series is mineral nutrition. Mineral nutrition is provided by the root.
2. pollination
4. A - wood, B - bast
5. cytoplasm.
7.1. water lily white; olive; oats.
7.2. A - oak, B - oats, C - olive, G - white water lily.
7.3. A - peas or potatoes, B - rice, C - corn.
8.2. The correct answer should contain a description / features for three points of the plan:
A) smaller
B) large migratory birds;
C) swamps, reservoirs; fish, frogs, mollusks, worms, small birds.
It is known that environmental pollution primarily affects the stomatal apparatus of plants. The main functions of stomata are gas exchange and transpiration. Violation of the functions of these stomata can lead to the death of leaves, and, in general, to the death of the entire plant (Lykshitova, 2013). We counted the number of stomata on the leaf blades of the studied plant species in key areas in comparison with the control. Research data are shown in Fig.16.
Rice. 16 Number of stomata on leaf blades Ulmus pumila, Malus baccata, Syringa vulgaris per 1 mm І sheet area
The calculation of the number of stomata per unit area of the leaf blade in woody plants growing in urban conditions showed that, indeed, when approaching the highway, the number of stomata increases. The influence of atmospheric pollution disrupts the integrity of the stomatal cells, and the guard cells of the stomata lose their ability to regulate the width of the stomatal gap.
With constantly open stomatal slits, the consumption of moisture by the plant organism on physiological processes especially affects the intensity of transpiration.
A decrease in the total water content of tissues and an increase in the amount of bound water over the amount of free water may indicate the adaptation of plants to the conditions of the urban environment. As bioindicative indicators of the urban environment, one can use the morphobiological indicators of woody plants, the percentage of dust pollution, and the features of the fractional composition of water.
From the presented figure, it can be seen that in the control plot, the largest number of stomata is observed in the squat elm and is 138, in the apple tree -127, in the lilac -100. Under conditions of environmental pollution, the number of stomata on the leaf blades of all studied species increases sharply. This is a morphological adaptive adaptation to the survival of plants in conditions of atmospheric pollution. An increase in the number of stomata on leaf blades compensates for the decrease in leaf dispersion, as shown earlier. This is due to the fact that a decrease in the area of leaves leads to a reduction in the stomatal apparatus, therefore, an increase in the number of stomata with a decrease in the total area of leaf blades contributes to the preservation of the functions of gas exchange and transpiration of leaves. Data on the number of stomata correlate well with data on leaf dispersion. As mentioned earlier, the greatest decrease in leaf dispersion was observed in elm. Data on the number of stomata indicate that the decrease in the number of leaves per square meter in elm was compensated by a sharper increase in the number of stomata. So, on average, in three plots, the number of stomata in the squat elm increased by 321 in comparison with the reference plot, while in apple and lilac 175 and 106, respectively.
This indicates that the elm adapts well to adverse environmental conditions.
Thus, it can be noted that under the conditions of technogenic pollution of the atmosphere of the city of Ulan-Ude, both tree life forms (apple and elm) and shrubs (lilac) adapt quite well to atmospheric pollution. In all species, morphological mechanisms of adaptation are activated. In conditions of more severe dust pollution, tree forms can be recommended - apple and elm.
Option 1.
Exercise 1.
What concept should be entered in place of the gap in this table? 1) corolla 2) pistil 3) stamen 4) ovary
Task 2. P (2)
Xat
How many seeds of the total will germinate on the 7th day?
10% 2) 12% 3) 15% 4) 17%
Task 3
Set the correct designation of the types of roots.
1 - adventitious root, 2 - lateral root, 3 - main root
1 - main root, 2 - adventitious root, 3 - lateral root
1 - main root, 2 - lateral root, 3 - adventitious root
1 - lateral root, 2 - adventitious root, 3 - main root
Task 4
table
| plant name | Number of stomata per 1 mm3 | place of growth |
|
| On the top surface of the sheet | On the underside of the sheet |
||
| Water lily | 625 | Water |
|
| Oak | 438 | wet forest |
|
| Apple tree | 248 | orchard |
|
| oats | Field |
||
| rejuvenated | rocky dry places |
||
4) Sketch the stomata and mark the main parts of the stomata in the figure.
Task 5.
Establish the sequence of layers in the stem of a woody plant, starting from its surface. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers in your answer.
1) bast
2) cork
3) wood
4) cambium
5) core
Task 6
_____________________________________________________________________
The flower is a modified shoot adapted for sexual reproduction. Its function is the formation of fruits and seeds. That is why the flower is otherwise called the organ of seed reproduction.
In order to fulfill its main function, the flower has a specific structure. It consists of a pedicel, receptacle, florists (sepals and petals), stamens and pistils.
The pedicel is the part of the stem on which the rest of the flower is located. With the help of a pedicel, the flower is supplied nutrients and grows. The receptacle is located on the upper expanded part of the pedicel. Flower leaves are attached to it, which are arranged in rings (circles). The first ring is usually formed by green sepals, which are free in some flowers and fused in others. All together they form a cup of a flower. It performs a protective function. There is a whisk above the cup. It usually consists of colored petals that serve to protect the stamens, pistils and to attract
animal pollinators of plants. The color of the petals depends on the chromoplasts or on the pigments of the cell sap. A perianth is formed from the calyx and corolla.
Inside the perianth behind the petals are stamens. Each stamen consists of an anther and a filament. The filament holds the anther, which consists of pollen sacs in which pollen develops.
In the very center of the flower is the pistil(s). The pistil consists of the ovary, style and stigma. The ovary contains the ovules, from which, after pollination and fertilization, the seed develops. A column departs from the ovary, on which the stigma is located. The stigma is the upper part of the pistil where pollen grains get and where they germinate. The stigma secretes a sticky liquid to trap pollen grains.
| THE TASK | STUDENT ANSWER |
|
| Title the text | ||
| The main function of the flower | ||
| Where pollen grows | ||
| The seed develops from... | ||
Task 7. P (5) Describe the plant morphologically.
Stem:
A) upright
B) creeping
Root system:
A) rod;
B) fibrous
Leaf venation
A) mesh
B) parallel;
B) arc.
Sheet:
A) petiolate
B) sedentary
Perianth
A) simple
B) double.
Independent work on the topic: "Plant Organs"
Option 2.
Exercise 1.
In the table below, there is a relationship between the positions of the first and second columns.
What concept should be entered in place of the gap in this table?
Receptacle; 2) pestle; 3) stamen; 4) ovary.
Task 2. P (2)
Study the graph of the dependence of the number of germinated seeds of a certain mass (3-4 mg) on the duration of the seeds in the soil (along the axisXpending time (in days), and on the axisat- the number of germinated seeds from their total number (in %)).
How many seeds of the total will germinate on the 11th day?
10% 2) 12% 3) 15% 4) 17%
Task 3
Establish the correct sequence of layers in the stem of a woody plant, starting from the surface.
Core - bark - wood - cambium;
Bark - cambium - wood - core;
Bark - wood - cambium - core;
Wood - cambium - bark - core.
Task 4 Using the table "The number of stomata in some plants", answer the following questions.
table
The number of stomata in some plants
| plant name | Number of stomata per 1 mm3 | place of growth |
|
| On the top surface of the sheet | On the underside of the sheet |
||
| Water lily | 625 | Water |
|
| Oak | 438 | wet forest |
|
| Apple tree | 248 | orchard |
|
| oats | Field |
||
| rejuvenated | rocky dry places |
||
1) What is the function of the stomata of the leaf?
2) How are the stomata located in most of the plants presented in the table?
3) Explain why oak and apple trees have stomata on the underside of the leaf.
4) draw the stomata and mark the main parts of the stomata in the figure.
Task 5.
Establish the sequence of root zones, starting with the root cap.
1) Root cap
2) suction zone
3) division zone
4) holding area
5) stretch zone (growth)
Task 6 Read the text. Complete the tasks below.
______________________________________________________________________
After pollen maturation, the pollen grain is transferred to the stigma of the pistil. This process is called pollination.
In some plants, mature pollen falls on the stigma of the pistil of the same flower, which leads to self-pollination. However, in most plants, pollen from one flower is transferred with the help of wind, water, animals, and humans to the stigma of the pistil of another flower. This type of pollination is called cross pollination. The most common in nature is cross-pollination with the help of animals (insects). To attract insects, special glands develop in the flower - nectaries that secrete a sugary liquid (nectar). Flying from flower to flower and feeding on nectar, insects pollinate flowering plants, carrying pollen on their legs.
In many woody, steppe and meadow plants, cross-pollination is carried out with the help of wind. These plants are wind pollinated. In their flowers, the stigma of the pistil is usually long and branched, and the stamens are with long, thin stamen filaments that easily unwind when the wind blows.
The flowers of insect pollinated plants are large and brightly colored. If the flowers are bright, but small, then they are collected in inflorescences.
Wind pollinated plants bloom in spring before leafing out.
The task:
Title the text
Fill the table. If the named trait is characteristic for this group of plants, the sign “+” is put, if not, then “-”.
Signs of wind-pollinated and insect-pollinated plants.
| signs | insect pollinated plants | windblown plants |
| 1 Large bright flowers | ||
| 2 small bright flowers collected in inflorescences | ||
| 3 Presence of nectar | ||
| 4 Small inconspicuous flowers, often collected in inflorescences | ||
| 5 Presence of aroma | ||
| 6 Pollen is small, light, dry, a large number of | ||
| 7 Large sticky rough pollen | ||
| 8 Plants bloom in spring before leafing out |
Give an answer to the question.
Why, when clover seeds were brought to Australia and sown, did the clover bloom well, but there were no fruits and seeds?
Task 7. Describe the plant morphologically.
Stem:
A) upright
B) creeping
Root system:
A) rod;
B) fibrous
Leaf venation
A) mesh
B) parallel;
B) arc.
Sheet:
A) petiolate
B) sedentary
Inflorescence
A) a brush
B) a basket;
B) head
Task 4.
| What are the functions of the stomata of the leaf? | |||
| How are the stomata located in most of the plants presented in the table? | |||
| Explain why aquatic plants have the largest number of stomata on the upper side of the leaf. | THE TASK | STUDENT ANSWER |
|
| Title the text | |||
| The main function of the flower | |||
| Which organ supplies the flower with nutrients? | |||
| What part of the perianth attracts pollinating insects? | |||
| What determines the color of the petals | |||
| Where pollen grows | |||
| The seed develops from... | |||
| Explain the meaning of the expression "He who cuts the flower cuts the seed." | |||
Answer sheet for independent work
