URAL ORDER OF LABOR BANNER

STATE UNIVERSITY them. A. M. GORKY

MILITARY DEPARTMENT

TACTICAL TRAINING

Yekaterinburg city

I. PLAN (sequence)

topic studies.

TOPIC 18. TERRAIN AS AN ELEMENT OF A COMBAT ENVIRONMENT. Educational for educational purposes:

1. To acquaint students with the subject and tasks of military topography.

2. Study the requirement of combat regulations in relation to the study of the area.

3. To instill confidence in students in actions on the ground.

TIME: 2 hours.

PLACE: Class.

METHOD: Practical exercises.

Educational and material support:

1. Layout of the terrain.

2. Graphic projector.

3. Copositives.

literature

Textbook: "Military topography" - Bubnov.

"Military topography" - Nikolaev.

"Manual for the training of reserve officers"

LEARNING QUESTIONS AND TIME CALCULATION

No. pp

Study questions

Time

Note.

I. Introduction 5 min.

II. Main part: 80 min.

1. Subject and tasks of military topography.

2. terrain and its significance in battle. Fighting requirement

statutes regarding the study and use

terrain

3. Tactical properties of the terrain, its main

varieties and influence on the actions of units in

battle. Seasonal Changes to Tactical Properties

terrain.

III. Final part. 5 minutes.

II. METHODOLOGICAL INSTRUCTIONS.

To work out this topic by the story method with a demonstration on the layout of the area and a simultaneous practical study of the area on the layout. The lesson is held in a classroom with a platoon of students.

INTRODUCTION,

Accept report.

Check if students are in class.

Announce the topic and learning objectives of the lesson.

1 TRAINING QUESTION.

The subject and tasks of military topography.

Announce a study question. Tell it element by element. Show on terrain layout. Ask 1-2 students on the layout how they learned the material.

2 TRAINING QUESTION.

The terrain and its significance in battle.

The requirement for combat regulations in relation to

study and use of the area.

The teacher explains the question. Proving separate parts of the terrain. On the layout and on the training map, it forces students to determine the degree of importance of a given area for conducting various types of hostilities. Indicates mistakes to students. Summarizes the question.

3 TRAINING QUESTION

Tactical properties of the terrain, its main

varieties and influence on the action of units in battle. Seasonal changes in the tactical properties of the terrain.

The teacher explains the question. Shows separate areas of the terrain on the layout and on the training map. Students practically on the layout of the area, on the map give an assessment of the area in the indicated areas, point students to errors.

III FINAL PART.

1. Remind students of the topic and learning objectives of the session.

2. Point out shortcomings and announce grades.

3. Give a task for S / P.

4. Answer questions.

EDUCATIONAL MATERIALS

I TRAINING QUESTION

SUBJECT AND TASKS OF MILITARY TOPOGRAPHY

The terrain is one of the main and constantly operating factors in the combat situation, which significantly affects the combat activity of the troops. Features of the terrain that affect the organization, conduct of combat and the use of military equipment are called its tactical properties. The main ones include its cross-country ability and orientation conditions, camouflage and protective properties, conditions for observation and firing.

Skillful use of the tactical properties of the terrain contributes to the most effective use of weapons and military equipment, concealment of maneuver and surprise of enemy strikes. Consequently, when performing combat missions, each serviceman must be able to quickly and correctly study the terrain and evaluate its tactical properties.

This is taught by a special military discipline - military topography, the subject of which is the methods of studying and evaluating the terrain, orienting on it and making field measurements in the preparation and conduct of hostilities.

The nature of the area is determined by its relief, local objects located on it and other geographical objects. These elements are called topographical elements of the terrain.

Topographic maps serve as the most important source of obtaining information about the topographic elements of the terrain - their mutual position, coordinates, sizes, outlines and other qualitative and quantitative indicators.

A special group is made up of terrain data, the image of which is not available on topographic maps. These include various changes in the terrain - destruction, blockages, flooding, etc., as well as engineering structures - bridges, crossings, column roads, barriers, etc., created by troops during preparation and during combat operations. These changes can significantly affect the tactical properties of the terrain, especially the conditions of passability and orientation. The main source of obtaining data on such objects that are not depicted on topographic maps are aerial photographs of the terrain made during combat operations and special maps.

Along with the use of maps and aerial photographs, the area is also studied by directly examining it and performing field measurements. Most often, such measurements have to be taken when orienting, determining the location of targets and other objects, firing, etc.

Military topography as a military scientific discipline is an integral part of military science. In its development, it is most closely connected with tactics, with the theory and practice of topographic and geodetic support for combat operations of troops, as well as with cartography and other technical disciplines related to it (geodesy, phototopography, etc.).

Tactics, based on the nature and laws of combat, explores the forms of preparation and conduct of combat operations; it also develops the basic principles and the most effective ways of using terrain features in solving combat missions.

With the growth of combat capabilities and the ever-increasing saturation of troops with more and more advanced means of armed struggle, the requirements for studying, evaluating and orienting in it are changing and increasing, which, in turn, puts forward new requirements for maps, aerial photographs, as well as for technical means and field measurement methods.

The theory of topographic and geodetic support, based on the modern nature of hostilities, explores the issues of providing headquarters and troops with topographic and special maps, geodetic data, as well as photographic documents containing information about the terrain. It determines the forms of training and methods of combat use of units and subunits of the topographic service.

One of the most important tasks of military topography is to find the most rational ways to work with maps (aerial photographs) in various combat conditions, effective methods of field measurements and timely make adjustments to the accumulated experience, while using the achievements of tactics, the theory of topographic and geodetic support, cartography, geodesy and others. disciplines.

Hence, the method of military topography as a military-scientific discipline, used to solve this problem, consists, first of all, in collecting and studying the experience of using maps and aerial photographs, its analysis and generalizations based on the theoretical provisions of tactics on the influence of terrain on the actions of troops and the use of combat technology.

The richer the experience, the more reliable the truth, the more effective the methods, principles and provisions revealed by military topography.

II. TRAINING QUESTION.

The current level of development of military equipment, tactics and operational art makes it possible to conduct combat operations in various geographical areas, at any time of the year and in any weather. The fronts of the Second World War, as you know, already covered all the climatic zones of the globe, from the cold tundra of Scandinavia to the hot deserts of Africa and the equatorial jungle.

In the post-war years, centers of armed struggle have arisen in the most diverse regions of our planet. At the same time, the nature of hostilities in one area, as a rule, differs from hostilities in another. Such a difference is determined not only by the weapons and technical equipment of the belligerents, but also by the physical and geographical features of the terrain of combat areas, which themselves have a great influence on the composition of the troops, their weapons and fighting methods.

The terrain, influencing the fighting, as it were, increases or reduces the strength of the troops. The history of wars knows many examples of battles in which the skillful use of the terrain contributed to the defeat of an enemy superior in strength. In the rapid offensive operations of the Great Patriotic War, our troops boldly broke into enemy defenses everywhere, crossed many large rivers of Europe, and successfully operated on the plains and in mountainous regions both in summer and in winter. The successful solution of these tasks was based on the high combat skill of the troops, their ability to conduct combat operations on any terrain, as well as on careful consideration of the natural conditions of the battle areas and skillful use of them to achieve victory.

In a future war, if it is unleashed by the imperialists, our troops must also be able to operate in various geographical conditions. At the same time, equipping the troops with complex and varied equipment will require a more complete and detailed study of the elements of the terrain that determine its passability, protection conditions, and other operational-tactical properties.

As is well known, military topography and military geography are engaged in a detailed study of the terrain in the interests of the troops. Military topography studies the terrain as an element of the tactical situation, methods of using topographic maps by troops, and the basics of topographic and geodetic support for military operations. Military geography studies the influence of the main elements and types of terrain of various geographical regions and theaters of operations (theater of operations) on the solution of tactical, operational and strategic tasks. Along with this, the terrain as an element of the situation is studied in the courses of tactics and operational art.

The terrain is studied and assessed in terms of its positive or negative impact on various aspects of the activities of the troops, including the conditions for the use of nuclear weapons, the use of military branches, their operational formation for an offensive or defense, the choice of the direction of the main attack, the conditions for protecting troops from conventional weapons. and weapons of mass destruction, the pace of advance, engineering support, etc.

The aggressive forces of imperialism, while hatching their plans for a new world war, pay great attention to the study and development of "special theatres," including those in the mountains, in the polar regions, and in the tropics. In the armies of the capitalist states, a certain number of military formations are being prepared for operations under special conditions. Thus, back in 1956, in the army of the FRG, a mountain infantry division was formed and then transferred to NATO, among other formations, equipped and trained for operations in difficult conditions of mountainous terrain. In the armies of the USA, Great Britain and other states, much attention is paid to the creation and training of formations for operations in the Arctic, in the tropics and especially in the jungle, where they are being tested and improved.

The whole world is witnessing the brazen aggression of American imperialism in Vietnam, where, along with an attempt to stifle the freedom of the Vietnamese people by force of arms,< да Пентагон производит массовую тренировку своих войск в ведении боевых действий в тропиках, а также испытание оружия и боевой техники в этих условиях. Однако здесь оккупанты встречаются со все возрастающими трудностями: патриоты Южного Вьетнама наносят врагу все новые внезапные ошеломляющие удары. При этом наряду с другими факторами они искусно используют также особые свойства местности. Американские войска и войска сателлитов США несут большие потери в живой силе и технике, и эскалация этой грязной войны не дает и не даст агрессору желаемых результатов.

A further increase in the combat readiness of the Soviet Armed Forces to ensure the reliable defense of their socialist homeland requires that all our commanding cadres pay more attention to the study of the tactical properties of the terrain, not only the forest, steppe and mountain regions that are well known to us, but also the arctic and desert.

Questions of the influence of various types of terrain on the combat operations of troops have been covered many times in our military literature. However, all this information is dispersed among many sources, which makes it difficult to study and use them in practice. This book is the first experience of a brief systematic presentation of the influence of the main elements of the terrain on the combat operations of troops. The book was written on the basis of a generalization of the experience of military operations in various geographical conditions during the Second World War and post-war exercises, as well as on the basis of research on a number of issues carried out by the authors.

TERRAIN AS AN ELEMENT OF BATTLE SITUATION

Tactical properties of the terrain

Integrity has a great influence on all aspects of combat activity of troops. Therefore, our regulations and manuals regard the terrain as one of the main elements of the environment in which the troops carry out their assigned tasks.

The area is characterized by its main elements: topography, soils, hydrography, vegetation cover, settlements and road network. Acting in various combinations, these elements, in combination with the climate, form various types of terrain. These are: flat steppe, wooded-marshy, mountain-taiga, tundra, desert and others. Each of these types of terrain in its own way affects the various actions of troops in battle and operation.

The influence of terrain on the course of combat operations is determined against the background of a combat mission, taking into account the composition of troops, the time of year and day, as well as meteorological conditions and the nature of enemy actions. The terrain contributes to the success of the combat operations of friendly troops and weakens the enemy not in itself, but on the condition that the troops correctly assess and skillfully use it in a specific combat situation. The same terrain can contribute to the completion of a task or, conversely, complicate its solution. For example, mountainous terrain favors the organization of a stable defense, but makes it difficult to conduct an offensive, has a small operational capacity compared to flat terrain, and limits the composition of troops used for an offensive.

In addition, the same terrain has a different effect on the combat activities of troops. For example, the open steppe terrain has good passability (both on and off roads for all types of transport. Good conditions for observation, firing and communications, but almost no natural shelters to protect troops from nuclear strikes and masks that protect against air and ground enemy observation.

Terrain properties that influence the main aspects of troop combat activity are usually called tactical terrain properties. Usually, the assessment of the terrain before the start of a battle or operation includes the study of the following main tactical properties:

Conditions for protecting troops from the effects of nuclear and conventional weapons;

Cross-country conditions for military equipment and transport;

Conditions for observation, orientation and firing;

Camouflage conditions, engineering equipment of the terrain, etc.

Let us briefly consider the essence of each of these properties and their dependence on various elements and objects of the terrain.

Of all modern means of destruction, nuclear missile weapons have the greatest power of impact, maneuver, and suddenness of impact. Therefore, the study of the terrain in a battle or operation is carried out primarily in the interests of organizing the protection of troops from being hit by enemy nuclear weapons, as well as for the most effective use of nuclear weapons by our troops.

The problem of protecting troops from weapons of mass destruction in all armies is solved not only by the dispersal of troops and their maneuver on the battlefield, but also by the widespread use of mechanization for the engineering equipment of positions, the rapid erection of engineering structures, as well as the skillful use of the protective properties of the terrain.

Terrain properties that weaken the effect of the damaging factors of nuclear and conventional weapons and facilitate the organization of anti-nuclear defense of troops are called protective terrain properties. The protective properties of the terrain depend on its vegetation cover and the nature of the relief, on the presence of natural shelters and artificial structures on it that can provide full or partial protection of troops from small arms and artillery fire, as well as from light radiation, shock waves and radioactive contamination in the event of use opponent of nuclear weapons.

The use of the protective properties of the terrain refers to the measures of protection against nuclear weapons constantly used by the troops. Accounting for the protective properties of the terrain is important, especially for offensive operations and marches, when troops are on the move and cannot create artificial shelters and use them.

Skillful use of the protective properties of the terrain dramatically reduces the loss of troops even on unequipped terrain, and also significantly reduces the amount of engineering work that must be done in the interests of protection against weapons of mass destruction.

The high mechanization and motorization of the ground forces, the presence of heavy large-sized rocket technology put forward in one of the first places the need to assess the terrain, the nature and density of the road network in the combat zone, the conditions for equipping column tracks and the possibility of movement of wheeled and tracked vehicles off the roads. The totality of terrain properties that facilitate the movement of military and transport vehicles on it or limit the possibility of their movement is commonly called the passability of the terrain. It is determined by the degree of development of the road network, the state of the roadbed and road structures, as well as the possibility of off-road movement of wheeled and caterpillar vehicles. The passability of the area depends on its topography, the nature of the soil, vegetation cover, hydrographic network, as well as on the season and meteorological conditions.

In order to successfully conduct modern combat, it is necessary to know the enemy well, his strength and the nature of hostilities, as well as the nature of the terrain on which the troops operate. To obtain this information, there are various ways of conducting reconnaissance. One of the main methods is observation, which is organized and conducted continuously in all types of combat activities of troops.

In modern conditions, due to the significant increase in the width of the troop action zones, it is difficult to obtain a complete picture of the course of hostilities even in the main direction by visual observation. Therefore, the observation of the "battlefield" and the enemy is carried out not only from ground observation posts and points, but also from aircraft, helicopters and air observation balloons. observation in any weather, both day and night.The image of the area obtained using electronic devices, in some cases, provides information that cannot be obtained using cameras.For example, radar can survey the area in the dark and in heavy cloud cover, covering large areas So, in the US Army, a side-scan radar of the AA "/iRO-2 type with a range of up to the visible horizon is used. An aircraft equipped with such a device, from a height of 1000 m can survey the area in a band of about 160 km. In one flight, he is able to photograph an area of about 80 thousand square meters. sq. km*. Foreign sources note the great effectiveness of using television to monitor the battlefield. It allows the commander not only to observe (almost simultaneously) several areas of the battle, but also to check the thoroughness of the camouflage of his troops, monitor the movement of the enemy, etc.

For observation at night, various night vision devices and means of illuminating the area are used.

The conditions of observation or the degree of observation of the terrain with the naked eye, optical, infrared and radar means are determined by the combined influence of the relief, vegetation, settlements and meteorological conditions.

The success of subunit operations often depends on their correct orientation on the ground. To navigate the terrain in combat conditions means to determine your location and the desired direction of movement relative to the sides of the horizon, the surrounding terrain, as well as the location of your troops and enemy troops.

The main means of orientation is a topographic map. Movement along landmarks is the main way of orienting units on the march and on the offensive.

To ensure reliable orientation on the terrain when moving at high speeds, regardless of visibility conditions (at night, in fog, etc.), as well as for orientation when moving on terrain poor in landmarks, the troops use a number of automatic ground navigation devices. Their design is based on a gyrocompass, which has the remarkable property of maintaining its original position regardless of the turns of the machine on which it is installed. Navigation devices are mounted on combat and transport vehicles and are designed to quickly determine the location (coordinates) of the vehicle and the sides of the horizon at its location. The means of automatic orientation include tank navigation equipment, topographic positioner, course plotter, etc.

Of greatest importance is the study of the conditions for orienting troops in areas affected by nuclear weapons when conventional landmarks are destroyed.

Firing is possible on any terrain at any time of the year and day. The best conditions for its organization should ensure the possibility of convenient and covert location of "fire weapons" from enemy observation, conducting accurate artillery fire from covered positions or direct fire, as well as correcting fire and covert delivery of ammunition. All these conditions depend on the terrain, vegetation, road network and other elements of the area.

The possibilities of firing should also include the conditions of topographic and geodetic binding of firing (starting) positions of artillery and missiles. The accuracy and speed of topographic referencing of firing positions depend on the density of the network of geodetic points in the combat area, on the scale and accuracy of topographic maps located in the supply of troops, and also on the nature of the terrain.

The properties of the terrain, which make it possible to hide the location and movement of friendly troops from the enemy, are called its masking properties. They are determined by the presence of natural shelters formed by landforms, vegetation cover, settlements, etc. The most favorable conditions for camouflaging troops are created on rough terrain in the presence of forests and a large number of settlements.

The use of the natural camouflage properties of the terrain is currently aimed at hiding objects not only from visual observation of the enemy, but also from his reconnaissance using various radio and lighting equipment. The correct use of the natural camouflage properties of the terrain very often makes it possible to drastically limit the use of technical camouflage means while achieving a high camouflage effect.

All measures for the engineering support of combat operations of troops directly depend on the terrain. In particular, the preparation and maintenance of communication lines, the fortification equipment of the area, measures for supplying troops with water and eliminating the consequences of an enemy nuclear attack depend on the nature of the terrain.

The tactical properties of the terrain cannot be regarded as something unshakable: they change with the development of means and methods of armed struggle and depend on the nature of combat operations, the composition of the troops, the type of terrain, the climate of the area, the time of year and meteorological conditions.

In the past, when using conventional means of armed struggle, the assessment of the tactical properties of the terrain was different than now, in the period of the development of nuclear missile weapons and the complete motorization of the ground forces. The technical revolution in military affairs has led to the need to reassess the terrain and its individual elements in combat and operations.

Modern troops are less dependent on the geographical conditions of the theater of operations. The armed forces are now able to successfully conduct combat operations on any terrain, both in summer and winter, in various climatic zones. This is ensured by both effective fire weapons and a high level of technical equipment of the troops.

However, the reduction in the dependence of troop actions on natural conditions by no means means a decrease in the practical significance of the latter. On the contrary, technological progress forces us to take into account more and more subtle features of natural conditions. To successfully solve combat missions, troops equipped with complex modern equipment must have a wide range of information about natural conditions. For example, to ensure the launch of missiles and the operation of high-altitude aviation, it is necessary to systematically probe the atmosphere for several tens of kilometers. This is necessary to obtain detailed data on temperatures, pressure, winds and other parameters of various layers of the atmosphere.

The use of nuclear weapons makes it possible for troops to quickly reach water lines, reliably suppress defenses organized on the coast, and force these lines on the move. But to accomplish this, the troops need more detailed data than before on the approaches to the river, its valley, channel and water flow, allowing them to make an informed choice of means and methods of crossing.

The development of nuclear missile weapons has put forward as one of the main tasks the assessment of the terrain from the point of view of its protective properties against weapons of mass destruction. This determines a completely different approach to the study of the tactical properties of the relief, forests, settlements, soils and soils. An approximate qualitative assessment of these objects in terms of camouflage, cross-country ability and other properties satisfied the troops in the recent past. Now they need a more accurate and detailed quantitative characterization of terrain objects, which allows them to determine their protective properties, for example, the length and steepness of slopes, the width and depth of ravines, the heights and density of forests, the chemical composition and silting of soils, etc.

At present, the issue of terrain patency has become especially acute. The complexity of solving the problem of terrain patency is determined by the significant attachment of wheeled vehicles to roads and the insufficient patency of large-sized equipment, as well as the need to transfer a significant amount of military and transport equipment over a limited number of roads over a limited number of roads in a short time.

With the outbreak of hostilities, the area subjected to nuclear strikes undergoes significant changes, which will also affect the activities of the troops. Nuclear strikes by the enemy can lead to the destruction of settlements, road junctions, and crossings along the troop routes, to the flooding of large areas, to the emergence of large fires and vast areas of radioactive contamination.

Thus, commanders and staffs will have to study in the course of hostilities the terrain that is shown on topographic maps, but significantly changed as a result of nuclear strikes, where many local objects will disappear or change greatly and various obstacles will appear.

Technique for studying the area

Since the terrain is an element of the situation, each commander is interested in it to contribute to the accomplishment of a combat mission.

Different types of troops, as you know, depend on the terrain in different ways, present their own requirements for it in terms of cross-country ability, camouflage, firing, etc. For example, motorized rifle, tank and missile troops have different cross-country ability on dirt roads and outside roads; they present their requirements for river crossings (fords, bridges, ferries); forests, sandy deserts, and mountainous regions are accessible to them to varying degrees. Therefore, different types of troops study and evaluate the same elements of the terrain from different points of view, while deciding the question of the possibility and methods of using their combat weapons under given conditions.

In this regard, almost every branch of the armed forces organizes reconnaissance of the area, taking into account the specifics of its weapons and vehicles. This, of course, leads to some duplication of the actions of reconnaissance units, but on the other hand, the troops do not receive general data on the terrain, but precisely those that they need.

The degree of detail in the study of the area by one or another commander may be different. For example, subunit commanders are interested in detailed information about the terrain, while unit and formation commanders may be satisfied with more general information, but about a larger area. In addition, the direction and degree of detail of the study of the area by the same commander or headquarters depend on the nature of the task being solved. For example, in preparation for a march, the commander mainly studies the road network and off-road traffic conditions, and in anticipation of a battle for a settlement, he studies the layout of the settlement, approaches to it, etc.

The development of methods of warfare, means of mass destruction, military and transport equipment has complicated the study of the terrain. This is due,in- firstly, a significant increase in the size of the territory on which operations are carried out, secondly, a sharp reduction in the time for preparing and conducting operations, and, thirdly, an increase in the amount of information about the terrain necessary for the commander to make an informed decision on a battle or operation. In modern conditions, not only the headquarters of the formations, but even the commanders of the units are not always able to assess the area by conducting reconnaissance; they study it mainly from topographic maps, descriptions and intelligence data.

Most terrain data is evaluated in the process of studying other elements of the combat situation, in particular, friendly and enemy troops. To assess the terrain means to determine how it contributes to the organization and conduct of hostilities by one's own troops and the enemy's troops and to what extent it hinders these actions. The terrain is assessed in terms of the disposition of the enemy and friendly troops, not only in the zone of action of one's unit (combination), but also in front of the neighbors' front.

When studying the terrain in the main types of combat, they understand its general nature, the degree of ruggedness and visibility, the conditions for patency, observation and camouflage; identify the influence of the terrain on the use and effectiveness of nuclear weapons and other means of mass destruction; establish possible changes in the terrain as a result of the use of nuclear weapons, i.e., predict destruction from nuclear strikes, which is very important for the further conduct of combat operations by troops.

When evaluating the terrain in an offensive, the following are determined:

Protective properties of the terrain and their influence on the organization of the protection of troops from nuclear strikes during the offensive;

Concealing properties of the terrain and their influence on the covert concentration, deployment and maneuver of troops during the battle;

The presence and condition of the road network, the possibility of movement of troops off the roads and the conditions for equipping column tracks;

The presence of large natural obstacles in the offensive zone and their impact on the fulfillment of the task;

Tactically advantageous (key) areas and objects of the terrain, the capture of which violates the stability of the enemy's defense.

When assessing the terrain in defense, the following are revealed:

The degree of influence of the terrain on the choice of the forward edge of the defense line and positions in its depth;

Areas of terrain and directions that limit the use of certain types of enemy troops;

The degree of terrain influence on the concentration and deployment of enemy troops in front of the defense front;

The presence and nature of natural obstacles in front of the front line of defense and their influence on the enemy's choice of the direction of the main attack and sectors from which the enemy's offensive, especially his tanks, should be expected;

The density of roads in the enemy's zone of operations that can be used for an offensive, and the possibility of enemy troops moving off the roads.

The procedure and content of assessing the terrain in the offensive and defense depend on the mission assigned, the combat situation, the type of terrain, the time of year, and other factors.

Topographic maps of different scales are used to study and assess the terrain. The choice of map scale depends on the type of terrain, the nature of the task being solved, and the type of troops. Thus, to study mountainous-wooded and wooded-swampy areas, as a rule, maps of larger scales are used; medium rugged terrain can be studied on a map at a scale of 1: 100,000, and to assess a slightly rugged steppe or desert territory, it is enough to have a map at a scale of 1: 200,000. When organizing defense, maps of larger scales are used than when planning a march or offensive actions. Finally, the headquarters of large formations to assess the terrain mainly use maps of small scales (1: 200,000 - 1: 500,000), and the commanders of subunits and units operating directly on the terrain study it using maps of the largest scale (1: 50,000 - -1:100,000). Maps of the largest scale with high geometric accuracy and detailed content are needed by artillery and rocket units for topographic preparation of firing, as well as by engineering troops for solving their special tasks on the ground.

Topographic maps are used to predict changes (destructions) in the area from nuclear strikes and determine probable zones of radioactive contamination.

The study of the terrain on the map is carried out in approximately the same order as in the process of reconnaissance. First, a general inspection of the map is carried out in the strip of upcoming actions in order to identify the type and characteristic features of the terrain. Then they study in more detail the main tactical properties of the terrain: the conditions of patency, protection, observation, camouflage, firing, orientation, etc.

In a number of cases, the general character of the area is studied on a map of a smaller scale, and tactical properties are assessed on a map of a larger scale, on which all local objects are depicted with great detail and accuracy.

Topographic maps are created in advance, sometimes long before the outbreak of hostilities, and therefore by the beginning of the war they may become somewhat outdated. Therefore, the second document on the terrain, supplementing, and in some cases replacing the map, are aerial photographs of the territory obtained before the start or during hostilities. Reflecting in detail the current state of the terrain and having good measuring properties, aerial photographs can always be used to obtain important information about the terrain and the enemy.

To assess the tactical properties of the terrain and a detailed study of its individual objects in the zone of upcoming hostilities, special maps are used that are created in advance or during the operation, for example, such as a map of the radiation situation, damage forecast, terrain passability, water lines, city plans, etc.

In addition to maps and aerial photographs, when studying the terrain, data from all types of reconnaissance are widely used, as well as various military-geographical descriptions of the territory where military operations are planned.

Data on the terrain obtained in the process of studying it is reflected on the commander's working map, for example, by highlighting (raising) the most important objects. In a number of cases, during the preparation of an operation, on the basis of the collected data, a certificate of the terrain for the area of upcoming hostilities is drawn up. Such a certificate usually gives a brief description of the territory (features of the relief, vegetation cover, hydrography, road network), as well as climate, meteorological conditions and operational-tactical properties of the area for the period of the planned operation.

The results of the study of the terrain are used by the commander to evaluate it when deciding on a battle or operation and in the course of combat operations.

P.A. Ivankov and G.V. Zakharov

TOPIC18 . TERRAIN AS AN ELEMENT OF BATTLE SITUATION. Educational for educational purposes:

1. Familiarize students with the subject and tasks of military topography.

2. Study the requirement of combat regulations in relation to the study of the area.

3. To instill confidence in students in actions on the ground.

TIME: 2 hours.

PLACE: Class.

METHOD: Practical exercises.

educational - material support:

1. Layout of the terrain.

2. Graphic projector.

3. Copositives.

literature

Textbook: "Military topography" - Bubnov.

"Military topography" - Nikolaev.

"Manual for the training of reserve officers"

LEARNING QUESTIONS AND TIME CALCULATION

Study questions

I. Introduction 5 min.

II. Main part: 80 min.

1. Subject and tasks of military topography.

2. locality and its significance in battle. Fighting requirement

statutes regarding the study and use

terrain

3. Tactical properties of the terrain, its main

varieties and influence on the actions of units in

battle. Seasonal Changes to Tactical Properties

terrain.

III. Final part. 5 minutes.

II. METHODOLOGICAL INSTRUCTIONS.

To work out this topic by the method of a story with a demonstration on a layout of the area and at the same time a practical study of the area on the layout. The lesson is held in a classroom with a platoon of students .

INTRODUCTION,

Accept report.

Check for students in class.

Announce the topic and learning objectives of the lesson.

1 TRAINING QUESTION .

The subject and tasks of military topography.

Announce a study question. Tell it element by element. Show on terrain layout. Ask 1-2 students on the layout how they learned the material.

2 TRAINING QUESTION.

The terrain and its significance in battle.

The requirement for combat regulations in relation to

study and use of the area.

3 TRAINING QUESTION

Tactical properties of the terrain, its main

varieties and influence on the action of units in battle. Seasonal changes in the tactical properties of the terrain.

III FINAL PART.

1. Remind students of the topic and learning objectives of the session.

2. Point out shortcomings and announce grades.

3. Give a task for S / P.

4. Answer questions.

EDUCATIONAL MATERIALS

I TRAINING QUESTION

SUBJECT AND TASKS OF MILITARY TOPOGRAPHY

The terrain is one of the main and constantly operating factors of the combat situation, which significantly affects the combat activity of the troops. Features of the terrain that affect the organization, conduct of combat and the use of military equipment are called its tactical properties. The main ones include its cross-country ability and orientation conditions, camouflage and protective properties, conditions for observation and firing.

The nature of the area is determined by its relief, local objects located on it and other geographical objects. These elements are usually called topographic elements of the area.

MINISTRY OF INTERNAL AFFAIRS OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

KRASNODAR UNIVERSITY

Tactical-special training

Speciality: 030501.65 - Jurisprudence

LECTURE

Topic: "Locality as an element of the operational situation"

Time: 2 hours.

Location: educational audience.

Methodology: story.

The main content of the topic: Place and role of topography in the system of training of police officers. The area and its significance in the activities of police officers. Subdivision of the terrain for cross-country ability, observation and camouflage, for ruggedness. Topographic elements of the area. The main types of terrain and their impact on the performance of operational tasks of the Department of Internal Affairs. Seasonal changes in terrain. Ways of studying the area in the performance of operational tasks.

Basic terms and concepts: " topography", "terrain", "topographical elements of the terrain", "tactical properties of the terrain", « tactical classification of the terrain.

Lesson objectives:

1. To study the tactical properties of the terrain and their influence on the performance of operational tasks.

2. Study the tactical classification of the terrain and how to evaluate it.

Lecture plan

Introduction - 5 min.

Check the availability of cadets, readiness for classes;

Announce the topic, goals, training questions and the procedure for their development.

Main part – 70 min.

1. The terrain as an element of the operational situation, the influence of the terrain on the performance of the operational tasks of the ATS.

2. Ways of studying and assessing the terrain, affecting the performance of an operational - service task.

Conclusion - 5 min.

- summarize the lesson;

Remind the topic, objectives of the lesson;

Remind learning questions;

Answer the questions that have arisen;

Give assignments for independent work.

Main literature:

1., Shevchenko training of police officers: a textbook. - Krasnodar: KRU of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, 2008.

2. , Yagodintsev topography M. Tricksta, 2006.

3. Suprun, topography and satellite navigation: textbook. allowance /, .- M .: TsOKR of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, 2008.

4., Shevchenko registration and maintenance of official graphic documents in the bodies and institutions of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia: a textbook. Krasnodar Academy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. 2004.

Additional literature:

1., Kovalenko topography for cadets of educational units. Textbook. M. Military Publishing, 1990.

2. Suprun preparation. Collection of problems M. IMC GUK MIA RF, 2003.

3., Usoltsev military topography in the activities of bodies and institutions of the Department of Internal Affairs: a collection of practical exercises. Krasnodar, KUI of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation. 2000.

Introduction

People have always been engaged in orientation on the ground and field measurements.

With the development of mathematics and cartography in Russia in the early 17th century, Emperor Peter I created digital schools that trained surveyors and navigators, developed the mathematical basis for maps, and the topographic map became a measuring document.

It is difficult to overestimate the importance of a topographic map for the performance of combat, service-combat and national economic tasks. It is the fundamental basis for decision-making by police officers, servicemen of internal troops.

The activities of the bodies and institutions of the Ministry of Internal Affairs can be deployed in any area, at any time of the year and day. Therefore, not only every boss, but also every employee must be able to study the terrain on which they are to operate.

The knowledge, skills and abilities acquired during the study of disciplines are of great practical importance in the activities of police officers, especially those in command positions.

Topography- a scientific discipline that deals with the detailed study of the earth's surface and the development of ways to represent this surface on a plane in the form of topographic maps or plans.

Military topography- a military-scientific discipline that studies methods of assessing the terrain in the interests of the activities of the Armed Forces, orienting on it and making field measurements.

Topographic preparation - subject of combat training. Its tasks are to train personnel in the methods of studying and assessing the terrain, orienting on it, using topographic and special maps, geodetic data and photographic documents, as well as navigation tools, making measurements on the ground when organizing, conducting special operations.

First study question. The terrain as an element of the operational environment, the influence of the terrain on the performance of operational and official ATS tasks.

terrain is part of the earth's surface. All objects located on it, created by nature (rivers, forests, mountains) or human labor (settlements, roads, canals, gardens, etc.) - local objects or topographical elements of the area.

The main topographical elements of the area include:

Settlements;

Road network;

Hydrography;

vegetation cover;

Soils;

Industrial, agricultural and socio-cultural facilities.

relief called the totality of all terrain irregularities. It is composed of various elementary forms of various orders. There are large, structural landforms that form the surface of vast geographical areas - mountains, plains, highlands and smaller elementary forms of irregularities that make up the surface of these relief objects.

Settlements. Depending on the nature of the production activity of the population and the number of inhabitants, it is customary to subdivide settlements: into cities, urban-type settlements, settlements at industrial enterprises, railway stations, rural and dacha-type settlements.

The most important in the activities of the city, since it is in the cities that the main part of the country's population lives, most of the crimes are committed in the cities, the main forces and means of the police department are concentrated in the cities.

According to the number of inhabitants, the cities are divided into large - more than 100 thousand inhabitants, medium - from 50 to 100 thousand inhabitants and small - less than 50 thousand inhabitants.

Road network. This concept includes automobile, unpaved, railways and road structures. Highways can be paved - freeways, improved highways, highways and unpaved - improved dirt roads. The most significant influence on the movement of vehicles is exerted by the width of the carriageway, the type of coverage, the magnitude of the longitudinal slopes and turning radii, the presence and nature of road structures.

Hydrography. These are coastal strips and coasts of the seas, lakes and rivers; the seas themselves, rivers, lakes, reservoirs, wells and other sources of water, as well as hydraulic structures. Hydraulic structures, in turn, include: ferry crossings, dams, locks on rivers and canals, dams, anchorages and piers, breakwaters and berths, breakwaters and groins, as well as signs of navigational conditions - lighthouses, luminous buoys, permanent signs of coastal signaling.

Vegetation cover . Vegetation cover is divided into groups:

Woody - forests, groves, individual trees;

Shrub - various shrubs up to 4 meters high;

Semi-shrub herbaceous, moss and lichen;

Artificial plantations - gardens, parks, plantations.

Soils . Soils are usually called the upper layer of the earth's crust several meters thick. A layer of the earth's crust 1-1.5 m thick, has fertility and is called soil.

Soils, in turn, are divided into rocky soils and loose. Rocky soils are monoliths of hard rocks - granites, basalts, sandstones. Loose soils are sands, peat bogs, black earth, clay, gravel, clay with crushed stone and pebbles.

Industrial, agricultural and socio-cultural facilities these include plants, factories, power plants, airports, mines, mining sites, oil and gas pipelines, etc., as well as various buildings related to these objects.

The relief and local objects are interconnected. Thus, the relief affects the distribution of soils and vegetation cover, the configuration of hydrography and the road network, and the planning of settlements, while soils largely determine the nature of vegetation, the quality of dirt roads, and the depth of groundwater. Acting in various combinations, the relief and local objects, in combination with the climate, form different types of terrain, each of which in its own way influences all aspects of the service and combat activities of operational units.

The influence of the terrain on operational activities is considered against the background of specific combat missions, taking into account the armament of units, the time of year and day, as well as meteorological conditions. The terrain can contribute to success in the performance of service and combat missions, but not in itself, but only if the servicemen (employees) of operational units are able to correctly assess it and skillfully use it in a specific service and combat situation.

Tactical properties of the terrain.

Terrain properties that influence the organization and conduct of special operations, the use of weapons and military equipment, are commonly called tactical properties.

The main ones include:

Terrain passability;

Protective properties of the terrain;

Orientation conditions;

conditions of observation;

masking conditions;

firing conditions;

Conditions of engineering equipment of the area.

Terrain passability - These are the properties of the terrain that facilitate or impede the movement of units. It is taken into account when choosing the direction of movement, the possibility and ability to use various types of equipment.

The main factor determining the passability of the terrain is the road network. The more developed the network of roads and the higher their class, the more accessible the terrain for solving service and combat missions. Paved roads allow traffic in any weather. The passability of dirt roads is determined mainly by the nature of soils and soils, terrain, season and weather conditions.

The role of the road network becomes even more important in wooded and swampy, desert and mountainous areas, where off-road movement is extremely difficult. The importance of the road network increases sharply during the period of spring and autumn thaws. Under these conditions, paved roads acquire the most important strategic importance.

The passability of the terrain outside the roads is determined by its ruggedness. Terrain with ravines, steep slopes and cliffs, rivers and wetlands, with large areas of forests significantly reduces the passability of vehicles, especially automobiles.

Protective terrain properties - these are the properties of the terrain that weaken the effect of the damaging factors of nuclear and conventional weapons. The correct definition and use of the protective properties of the terrain facilitates the organization of the protection of personnel from the damaging factors of various types of weapons.

The protective properties of the terrain are determined, first of all, by the nature of the relief, vegetation cover, and the presence of various natural and artificial shelters on the terrain that can fully or partially provide protection for units.

Various forms of relief can increase or significantly weaken the impact of the shock wave, light radiation and penetrating radiation. Thus, on the front (facing towards the nuclear explosion) slopes of hills, the pressure of the shock wave noticeably increases. On the reverse (with respect to a nuclear explosion) slopes, the damaging effect of the shock wave is significantly reduced. Ravines, hollows, ditches, gullies, ditches and other depressions also weaken the action of the shock wave if it crosses them in the transverse direction. In this case, the weakening of the shock wave is the stronger, the greater their depth and sinuosity and the smaller the width. So, the damaging effect of a shock wave at the bottom of a ravine with a depth of 5 m and a width of 5 m is reduced, compared with a flat area, by 2.5 times, with a width of 10 m - by 1.5 times, with a width of 15 m - by 1.3 times.

The protective properties of the terrain are largely determined by the nature of the vegetation cover. Thus, forests weaken the shock wave by 2 times or more, reduce the impact of light radiation by 6–8 times, and also reduce the level of radiation by 2–3 times compared to open areas.

Orientation conditions - these are the properties of the terrain that help determine their location and the desired direction of movement relative to the sides of the horizon, the surrounding objects of the terrain, as well as the location of their units and criminals. Orientation conditions are determined by the presence of characteristic relief elements and local objects that clearly stand out from other objects in their appearance or position and are convenient for use as landmarks.

The skill of each commander quickly and accurately
orientation on the terrain contributes to the correct setting of tasks for subunits and fire weapons, accurate target designation and reliable control of subunits in the course of a battle.

Observation conditions - these are the properties of the area that contribute to obtaining information about criminals or persons of operational interest. They are determined by the degree of visibility of the surrounding area, the viewing range, and depend on the nature of the relief, vegetation cover, the presence of settlements and other objects that obstruct the view of the area, as well as on meteorological conditions. The more ravines, ravines, heights, tree and shrub vegetation, and various kinds of buildings on the terrain, the less favorable the observation conditions.

The correct organization of observation and the results obtained in this way help the commander to comprehensively assess the situation and make an informed decision.

Terrain cloaking properties - these are terrain properties that make it possible to hide the location and movement of personnel and equipment from criminals. They are determined by the presence of natural shelters formed by landforms, vegetation cover, settlements and other local objects, as well as by the general character, color and patchiness of the terrain. The more varied the color range, the better the camouflage conditions. The most convenient natural shelters are forests. Their masking properties are determined by the height of the trees, the density of the crowns, the composition of the rocks and the presence of undergrowth. At the same time, employees should take into account that the camouflage properties of the terrain contribute to the shelter of criminals. So, rough terrain with forests, numerous settlements, hollows, gullies and ravines has good masking properties.

The masking properties of the terrain depend on the season, day and weather conditions. Thus, in summer, deciduous forests provide reliable camouflage for subunits, both from ground and air surveillance. In winter, in such a forest, equipment is easily visible against the backdrop of snow cover.

firing conditions - these are the properties of the terrain that provide a convenient and hidden from outside observation location of fire weapons, aimed fire from various types of weapons, as well as fire correction.

They depend on the nature of the relief, vegetation cover, availability of roads, settlements and other local objects.

Engineering equipment conditions terrain depends on the type of soil, groundwater level, availability, as well as the nature of natural and artificial shelters and obstacles. The state of soils largely determines the scope of work on the preparation of column tracks, the excavation of trenches, trenches, the construction of shelters for personnel and military equipment. The possibility of building various structures depends on the depth of groundwater. The presence of building materials on the ground (wood, crushed stone, gravel, sand, etc.) determines the scope and timing of engineering work.

Tactical classification of the terrain.

Tactically, the area is divided into:

According to the conditions of patency;

Under the conditions of observation and camouflage;

By degree of intersection.

According to the conditions of patency the area can be:

passable;

impassable;

impassable.

Easy terrain does not limit the speed and direction of movement of wheeled and tracked vehicles, allows the unimpeded use of various types of military equipment in deployed formations and the movement of columns without strengthening the ground.

Walkable terrain almost does not limit the speed, direction of movement and allows repeated movement along one track of tracked vehicles, although some places must be bypassed or reinforced (passages should be equipped). The movement of wheeled vehicles of ordinary cross-country ability is somewhat difficult.

Difficult terrain accessible for tracked vehicles at low speeds, restricting freedom of maneuver and the movement of several vehicles on the same track. The movement of wheeled vehicles of ordinary cross-country ability is almost impossible. The movement of columns is possible only on roads and specially equipped columns. Difficult terrain has a negative impact on the speed and ability of employees to move while performing combat missions.

impassable terrain inaccessible for the movement of caterpillar and wheeled vehicles without performing significant work on equipping roads or column tracks.

According to the conditions of observation and camouflage The area is divided into:

open;

Semi-closed;

Closed.

open area is a flat or slightly hilly treeless territory, up to 75% of the area of which is clearly visible in all directions from command heights. On such terrain, good observation of the actions of criminals is provided.

At the same time, this area is less favorable for protection against the damaging effects of nuclear and conventional weapons, and has insufficient camouflage properties. The absence of hidden approaches and natural shelters hinders the covert concentration of subunits and their maneuvering.

semi-closed area is transitional from open to closed. As a rule, in a semi-enclosed area, the area occupied by natural shelters is about 20%, about 50% of the space is visible from command heights. When subunits are located on the spot in the area of concentration, the initial area, in the area of waiting, rest and other areas, their camouflage is almost completely provided by natural masks.

closed area is a territory with a mountainous, hilly or flat relief, covered with forests, shrubs, gardens, with often located settlements. In such an area, the area occupied by natural masks is 30% or more, and the area viewed from command heights is less than 25%. Closed terrain well hides natural masks from observation, facilitates covert movement and maneuver by subunits, and contributes to the successful implementation of measures to protect against the damaging effects of nuclear and conventional weapons.

At the same time, observation, orientation and target designation, control of forces and means of interaction are difficult in a closed area. The closed area is an ideal hiding place for criminals.

According to the degree of intersection ravines, gullies, rivers, lakes and other natural obstacles that restrict the freedom of movement and maneuver of units, the terrain is divided into:

Weakly crossed;

Medium-crossed;

Strongly crossed.

Slightly rugged terrain is a space, although reducing the speed of movement, but easily overcome by combat vehicles and tractor vehicles in any direction. In such terrain, natural obstacles are less than 10% the entire area. The relief is usually flat, rarely hilly.

This area provides a good overview from command heights, orientation, observation and target designation, organization of interaction and control of units. At the same time, the slightly rugged terrain does not provide reliable shelter for subunits from enemy fire.

medium rough terrain has about 20% area occupied by natural obstacles. This is the most common type of well-established area. The terrain is usually hilly, rarely flat. Such terrain is more favorable in terms of protective properties against the damaging effects of nuclear and conventional weapons.

rugged terrain it is distinguished by a large number of difficult natural obstacles - ravines, gullies, ditches, embankments, rivers, canals, etc. Natural obstacles occupy more 30% such an area.

The presence of many natural shelters contributes to reliable camouflage and protection of subunits from the damaging effects of nuclear and conventional weapons, and a covert approach to the enemy (criminal groups). At the same time, observation is difficult on rugged terrain, there are many invisible and non-shootable areas, the ability to quickly maneuver subunits is limited, and the speed of off-road equipment decreases.

Varieties of terrain.

By the nature of the relief The area is subdivided:

On the plain;

hilly;

highlands is further subdivided into:

Low-mountain;

Srednegornaya;

Alpine.

Depending on the soil and vegetation cover the area can be:

Desert;

Steppe;

marshy;

Wooded and swampy.

The terrain of the northern regions belongs to a special type. Consider the types of terrain in more detail.

flat terrain characterized by the absence of pronounced irregularities of the earth's surface and small to 25 m relative excesses and relatively low steepness of slopes - up to 2°. Altitudes above sea level are usually up to 300 m.

The absence of significant relative excesses ensures a sufficient range of visibility in all directions and the effectiveness of fire of all types of weapons.

However, the plain makes it difficult to disguise. Its protective properties are minimal.

Flat terrain is usually more favorable for organizing and conducting a special operation to search for and detain criminals and less favorable for monitoring objects of operational interest.

hilly area characterized by the wavy nature of the earth's surface, forming irregularities (hills) with absolute heights up to 500 m, relative excesses 25-200 m and the prevailing steepness of the slopes 2-3 °. A hilly area can also be attributed to a hilly area, that is, a plain with randomly scattered individual hills and groups of hills and ridges. In such terrain, as a rule, there are many command heights with a large visibility range and a wide field of view.

This area has good natural boundaries for the location of units, equipment for firing positions, and has some protective properties from the effects of the damaging factors of a nuclear explosion. The gaps between the hills and the reverse slopes of the hills can serve as shelters from observation and enemy fire, hidden approaches for maneuvering.

lowland characterized by elevations above sea level 500-1000 m, relative excesses in 200 - 500 m and the prevailing slope slope of 5-10°. Compared to other types of mountainous terrain, it is poorly dissected, usually well inhabited and has a relatively developed road network.

Low-mountain terrain generally contributes to camouflage and protection from the damaging factors of nuclear and conventional weapons.

mid-mountain area has an average height above sea level of the order 1000 - 2000 m, relative excesses of about 500-1000 m and the prevailing steepness of the slopes 10 - 25°. It is divided into well-defined mountain ranges, ridges and chains, the peaks and ridges of which have a smoothed shape.

In general, the mid-mountain terrain requires significant engineering work to ensure its passability. At the same time, it favors camouflage and protection against the lethal effects of nuclear and conventional weapons.

Highlands characterized by elevations above sea level 2000 m and relative excesses 1000 m and more. The prevailing steepness of the slopes in such an area, as a rule, is more 25°.

This area is most often poorly inhabited, has few mountain passes and a sparse road network. Roads are usually laid along narrow mountain gorges, pass through passes at high altitudes, abound with steep slopes and small turning radii.

Combat operations in such terrain are mainly possible for special units equipped accordingly. Alpine terrain generally favors camouflage for units. During the explosions of nuclear and conventional weapons, collapses and rockfalls are very likely.

desert area is a vast sparsely populated area with a permanently or seasonally hot climate, little water resources and very poor vegetation. Depending on the nature of the soil, sandy, stony and clayey deserts are distinguished. The surface of the deserts is flat, slightly rugged or hilly, with dry riverbeds. Vegetation is almost absent, growing herbs are rare and tough - saxaul, saltwort, wormwood. A characteristic feature of deserts is an acute shortage of water, fuel, building materials, and the absence of roads. Wells are usually found along highways and caravan routes at a great distance from each other. Their depth is 5 to 200 m, debit 3-5 cubic meters per day. The water in the wells is of poor quality, it can only be used for drinking after cleaning and boiling. Therefore, leaders in planning and conducting special operations in the desert must take this into account and create increased supplies of water, food, fuel, and other material resources.

steppe area characterized by the absence of woody vegetation, dry continental climate, chernozem and chestnut soils. The vegetation is sparse, mostly herbaceous (feather grass).

Along river valleys, ravines and gullies, there are separate groups of trees. The steppe terrain is passable on the roads and off the roads for military and special equipment.

forest area represents the territory above 50 % which is covered with dense woody vegetation - forests. The passability of the forest area depends on the availability of roads and clearings, the nature of the relief, density, thickness and species of trees.

The wooded terrain provides good camouflage for both Special Operations units and criminals.

marshland It is represented by significantly moistened peat soils and wetlands. By location, nature of vegetation and diet, lowland, upland and transitional swamps are distinguished.

Lowland swamps are common in floodplains and river deltas, in lake basins. The surface of such swamps is covered with sedge, reeds, and moss. As a rule, lowland swamps are impassable for caterpillar and wheeled vehicles. For pedestrians passable on separate elevated sites.

Raised bogs are characteristic of watersheds, they are fed by precipitation. The thickness of the peat layer can reach 5 meters and more. The surface in the middle is convex, covered with moss, sedge and small shrubs - blueberries, wild rosemary. In the dry season, raised bogs in some directions are passable for the movement of caterpillar and wheeled vehicles, as well as pedestrians.

Transitional swamps are formed in lowlands, in their appearance they occupy an intermediate position between lowland and upland swamps. They are characterized by the presence of birches, pines, sedges, moss.

According to the structure, depth and degree of moisture, the swamps are subdivided into peat, swamp and floatable. Peat bogs have a large layer of peat to a solid base. Marsh bogs have a small layer of peat, which is located on semi-liquid silt. Floating swamps are a continuous carpet of aquatic and marsh plants floating on the surface of a reservoir. The passability of swamps is not the same at different times of the year. Marshes are considered passable if they withstand the specific pressure given in the technical characteristics of each type of equipment.

wooded swampy area characterized by the alternation of large forest areas with numerous swamps, streams and lakes. The main feature of such terrain is a large number of natural obstacles and low traffic, both for vehicles and pedestrians. In the conditions of a wooded swampy area, the possibilities for observation, orientation and firing are limited, the organization of interaction and control of ATS units becomes more complicated

Terrain of northern regions these are vast areas adjacent to the Arctic Ocean. According to natural features, the Arctic belt is divided into two zones: the Arctic deserts and the tundra.

Arctic desert zone the northernmost of the natural zones. Its surface is constantly or most of the year covered with snow and glaciers. The relief is predominantly flat, sometimes there are hilly plateaus. The climate is very severe, with low air temperatures, sharp weather changes, strong winds, frequent snowfalls and blizzards in winter and drizzling rain and fog in summer. A significant part of the surface is covered with glaciers.

Tundra zone It is a flat coastal plain, among which there are hills, mountain ranges and highlands. The surface is covered with permafrost, which reaches 600 m in depth. The vegetation cover is represented by mosses, lichens, dwarf birches. Winter lasts 8-9 months, polar night continues 60-80 days.

Summer is short (2-3 months) and cool (4-11 degrees above zero). Favorable conditions for movement in winter and autumn, in summer and spring the movement of vehicles is limited.

Second study question. Ways of studying and assessing the terrain, affecting the performance of the operational task.

The study of the terrain in the performance of combat and operational-service tasks consists in clarifying the nature of its elements and basic tactical properties, their intended impact on the actions of subunits, taking into account possible changes in meteorological conditions, seasons and days.

Based on the study and assessment of the terrain, the conclusions necessary to make a decision on the optimal use of the properties of the terrain by units and limit its negative impact are drawn.

A comprehensive study and a correct assessment of the terrain allow the unit commander to foresee the most likely actions of criminals.

Ways to explore the area . The main sources for obtaining terrain data are:

Personal inspection during reconnaissance and reconnaissance of the area;

Topographic and special maps;

aerial photographs;

Reference materials and descriptions of the area;

Survey of local residents and detainees.

Study of the area by personal inspection. By direct inspection during the reconnaissance, the area is studied in detail. This is the best way to explore the area. The head of a special operation, other officials directly study and evaluate the area when organizing a special operation. The disadvantage is that it takes a lot of time for a detailed study of the entire area of action of the police units, the possibility of studying the area at night is limited.

Studying the terrain using topographic maps . A topographic map is the main source of information about the area during special operations. Using it, you can quickly and in sufficient detail study the terrain over a large area, make measurements and calculations, and accurately determine the location of the objects under study. This is the most common and basic way of exploring the area.

Relief maps and layouts of the area can be used for a more visual representation of the area of upcoming actions.

Studying the area from aerial photographs . Aerial photographs (photo documents) are used in addition to topographic maps; they are used to study individual objects and relatively small areas of terrain. Compared to a map, aerial photographs have more recent and detailed terrain data.

However, aerial photographs also do not provide all the information about the terrain (about the passage of swamps, the depth and quality of the bottom of the fords, the speed of the river, etc.). Therefore, they are used, as a rule, in conjunction with the map. The disadvantage is the difficulty of reading the photographic image of the elements of the area.

Studying the area according to descriptions consist in the study of generalized data on the area, on the composition of the population, the economy, climatic conditions, etc. These data may be illustrated with photographs, diagrams, tables. They come with special cards.

The disadvantage is that it takes considerable time to select the necessary information and transfer it to the maps.

Interviewing local residents and interrogating detainees: interviewing local residents and interrogating detainees makes it possible to obtain data on the passability of the area, its engineering equipment, and the possible whereabouts of criminals and persons of operational interest. The disadvantage is that the information is fragmentary, poorly linked to the map and requires verification.

Methodology for studying and assessing the terrain includes general rules and an expedient sequence of work with a topographic map. The terrain is studied sequentially, that is, first of all, those elements of it that have a significant impact on the performance of operational and service tasks are studied. Terrain elements are evaluated not in isolation from each other, but in mutual connection. For example , when assessing the passability of a forest, they study not only the density and thickness of trees, but also the nature of the soil and terrain in the forest. Simultaneously with the study of the terrain, its main elements are remembered in order to use the topographic map as little as possible when performing the task.

On the map, the area is usually studied in the following order. First, the type of terrain is determined by relief and soil and vegetation cover, its characteristic features and main tactical properties, that is, they understand the general nature of the terrain. Then they study and evaluate in detail the tactical properties of individual areas of the terrain and local objects that can have a significant impact on the performance of an operational-service task, analyze them together with other elements of the situation, as a result of which conclusions are drawn.

The study and assessment of the terrain when making a decision is an understanding of the nature of its elements and their influence on the location and actions of their units and criminals (illegal armed formations). Based on the assessment of the terrain, the leader (commander) determines to what extent it affects the performance of the task, and determines the measures that need to be taken in order to make the most of the terrain conditions.

When organizing an ambush, a barrier to study the area, maps of a larger scale are used than when planning a search. At the same time, they first study and evaluate the area at the location of illegal armed groups, criminals, and then at their location.

In order to successfully solve various tasks, police officers, along with other information about the situation, must receive complete and reliable information about the terrain in a simple and visual form. The most versatile document that contains basic data about the area is a topographic map.

Thus, speaking in various combinations and in combination with the climate, the relief and local objects form different types of terrain, each of which in its own way influences all aspects of the service and combat activities of the Department of Internal Affairs

Based on this, it is advisable to consider the preparation and conduct of special operations against the background of the operational and service tasks of the departments of internal affairs being solved, taking into account the equipment of police units, the time of year and day, meteorological conditions, and the nature of the actions of criminals. Under these conditions, the terrain can contribute to the success of a special operation and have a negative impact on the actions of criminals, but not by itself, but only if the leader evaluates it and skillfully uses it in his own interests, in accordance with the specific situation. Therefore, the terrain is considered one of the most important elements of the combat and operational situation.

TERRAIN AS AN ELEMENT OF BATTLE SITUATION

Tasks of military topography

Military topography(BT) - (from the Latin topos - terrain, grapho - I write) a special military discipline that studies the methods and means of assessing the terrain, orienting on it and making field measurements to ensure the combat activities of troops, the rules for maintaining commanders' work cards and developing combat documents.

Military topography is closely related to tactical, fire, engineering, special training, in combination with which many of its issues are studied: orientation, reconnaissance and terrain assessment, the use of topographic maps, geodetic data and photographic documents for command and control, effective use of weapons and military equipment.

All officers in modern conditions must be able to:

Use topographic maps; quickly study and evaluate the terrain on a map over large areas in order to most effectively use weapons and military equipment; full use of the protective properties of the terrain, comprehensive consideration of the conditions of patency and camouflage; accurately determine on the map the coordinates of identified targets and other measurement and calculation data necessary for the organization of hostilities, target designation and command and control;

Confidently navigate in unfamiliar terrain, especially at night, in conditions of limited visibility and while driving at high cruising speeds;

Timely and fully implement measures to ensure the troops' reliability and correct orientation and target designation on the battlefield.

The terrain and its significance in battle.

terrain- a part of the earth's surface with all its elements, on which a combat mission is to be performed.

The main elements of the terrain include: relief, settlements, road network, hydrography, vegetation cover and soils. The terrain is one of the elements of the combat situation.

The set of irregularities in the earth's surface is called relief terrain.

All other objects located on it, both of natural origin (forests, rivers, swamps, etc.) and man-made (settlements, individual buildings, factories, canals, gardens, etc.) - local items.

All these terrain objects - relief and local objects - are commonly called topographic elements .

The main groups of topographic elements:

Soil-ground and vegetation cover;

Hydrography;

Settlements;

Road network;

Industrial, agricultural and socio-cultural facilities;

A special group is made up of objects of engineering equipment of the terrain, created by the troops in the course of preparation and in the course of hostilities.

The order of the study of the area.

First, the general character of the terrain in the area of operations is identified and studied. Then, in accordance with the task being performed, the elements of the terrain are studied with the necessary completeness and detail and their tactical properties are evaluated.

The general character of the area is studied:

a) by the nature of the relief;

b) according to the degree of intersection with obstacles;

c) according to the conditions of observation and camouflage;

d) by the nature of the vegetation cover and soils;

e) by the density of the road network and settlements.

Relief refers to the most significant indicators of the properties of the terrain and is everywhere the most stable topographic element, almost unchanged even under the influence of nuclear explosions.

According to the elevation above sea level and the degree of dissection of the earth's surface, two main types of relief are distinguished - mountainous and flat. Separate irregularities are otherwise called landforms. Elementary landforms are very diverse. However, all of them can be reduced to the following five typical forms.

1. Mountain - a hill, which, as a rule, has a domed or conical shape.

2. Basin - a closed bowl-shaped depression;

3. Ridge - an elevation elongated in one direction;

4. Hollow - an elongated and lowering in one direction deepening of the terrain;

5. Saddle - a depression between two hills. In the mountains, as a rule, is the place of the pass through the mountain range.

The essence of the image of the relief by contour lines.

On modern topographic maps, the relief is depicted by contour lines, i.e.

curved closed lines, brown.

Each line designates on the map a horizontal contour corresponding to an irregularity, all points of which are located on the ground at the same height above sea level.

The height distance between the secant surfaces is called section height.

conclusions:

a) The height of points located on the same horizontal line differs from the height of points on an adjacent horizontal line by the height of the section.

b) For a given height of the section, the more horizontals on the slope, the higher it is, and the closer the horizontals are to one another, the steeper it is.

c) The outline and all curves of contour lines on the map retain the similarity of their corresponding lines of equal heights on the ground.

d) The direction of the slope at each of its points is perpendicular to the horizontal lines and is indicated by berghashes.

The main height of the relief section on the map depends on the scale of the map and the nature of the relief. It is usually 0.02 of the map scale value.

On maps of high-mountainous regions, the height of the section is taken twice as high. Indicated below the southern boundary of the map frame.

The section height is indicated under the southern border of the map frame.

Types of contour lines:

1. Horizontals on the map corresponding to the height of the section set for it are drawn by solid lines and are called main or solid contour lines .

2. Horizontals drawn on the map through half the main height of the section are drawn with broken lines and are called half horizontals or semi-horizontals.

3.Sometimes apply auxiliary horizontals , which are drawn through a quarter of the main section with broken lines, but with shorter links than those of semi-horizontals.

4. To facilitate the calculation of contour lines when determining the heights of points on the map, all solid contour lines corresponding to 5 times the height of the section are drawn thickened contour lines .

Determining the steepness of the slopes.

The angle between the direction of the slope and its laying is slope steepness and is defined:

a) According to the scale of pledges (fig.14):

Foundation is the distance between the main contour lines on the map.

Foundation scale called a graph that is printed on topographic maps next to the scale.

Along the base of the graph, the steepness of the slopes in degrees is signed. On the perpendiculars, the corresponding positions are plotted on the scale of the map:

On the left side of the scale of laying - for the main height of the section, on the right - at five times.

Operating procedure:

1. On the map, measure the distance between adjacent main contour lines (compass, ruler or strip of paper).

2. Attach the measured segment to the scale of laying.

Measuring position ab corresponds to a slope of 3.5°

4. If the contours on the slope are located very close to each other and it is difficult to measure the distance between them, then it is more convenient to use the right side of the scale, while taking on the map the location between adjacent thickened contours.

The measured inclination mn corresponds to a slope slope of 10°

Accuracy for determining the steepness of the slopes on the scale of laying is approximately 0.3 - 0.4 of the division price of this scale.

b) Approximately:

Calculations show that on all topographic maps with a normal height of the main section, a slope of 1 cm corresponds to a slope of 1.2° » 1°, and a lay of 1 mm. corresponds to a slope slope of 10 °. Therefore, the determined slope slope is as many times greater (less) than 1 °, how many times the laying between adjacent main horizontals is less (greater) than 1 cm.

For example: when laying a slope of 0.5 cm. ®KS = 2 °

2 cm. ®KS = 0.5°

This rule also applies to maps where the height of the section differs from the normal one. If it is 2 times more than normal, then the obtained value of the steepness of the slope must be increased by 2 times, and for clarification, it is necessary to introduce a correction into the result obtained in this case, adding 1 ° for every 4 °.

For example: if on a map with a normal section height of 0.5 cm corresponds to CV = 2°, then for a map with a height of the main section 2 times greater than normal, CV = 2° × 2° + 1° = 5°

Determination of absolute heights and elevations of points on the map.

On maps published by the Topographical Administration of Russia, the Baltic system of heights is used, which means that the height marks are indicated from the level of the Baltic Sea.

Heights of terrain points on the map are determined along horizontal lines using the height marks available on them.

If the defined point is located on a horizontal line, then its absolute height is equal to the height of this horizontal line.

If the point is between the horizontals, then it is necessary to determine the mark of the lower horizontal nearest to it and add to this mark the excess of this point above the horizontal, determined by eye.

For example:

The excess of one point over another ( Dh) is defined as the difference in absolute heights: Dh = hц - hop, where

hц- absolute height of the target

hop- the absolute height of the firing position

If the points are located on the same slope, then the problem is solved simply by counting the number of gaps between the contour lines of these points.

Accuracy definitions of the heights of points, the marks of which are not signed on the map, are equal: for characteristic points of the relief located on verticals, ridges, gentle slopes of irregularities, etc. - approximately 0.3 - 0.5 of the section height, and for points located on steep slopes, it is approximately 3 - 4 times less.

By the nature of the relief

The area is divided into:

plain - absolute height up to 300m slope slope (RS) up to 1°;

Hilly - absolute height up to 500m KS up to 3°

Mountainous - absolute heights above sea level over 500 m, slope steepness over 5 °; distinguish between low-mountain (heights 500-1000, COP 5-10 °), mid-mountain (heights 1000-2000, COP 10-25 °), high-mountain (heights over 2000, COP more than 25 °).

According to the degree of intersection ravines, gullies, rivers, lakes and other natural obstacles:

On slightly crossed - under natural obstacles up to 10% of the total area. Massive use of heavy military equipment is possible.

Medium cross under natural obstacles 10-30 % the entire area. The use of heavy military equipment in certain areas is difficult.

More than 30% of the total area heavily crossed under natural obstacles. The use of heavy military equipment is possible only in certain areas.

According to the conditions of observation and camouflage:

In the open - under natural masks up to 10%, from command heights up to 75% of the entire area is visible, masking with natural masks is not provided;

Semi-open - under natural masks up to 20% of the entire area, from command heights up to 50% of the entire area is visible, masking with natural masks is almost not provided;

Closed - under natural masks more than 25%. Camouflage is fully provided by natural masks.

By the nature of the soil and vegetation cover

the area can be forest, swampy, desert; steppe, and in combination with the relief - mountain-wooded, mountain-desert.

Thematic materials: