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maintain sufficient liquidity and invest with
minimum level of risk.
funds to acquire under-performing properties (acquisition funds
real estate when the market situation deteriorates): Synonymous with the term vulture funds
("predatory funds"), fund switching ("switching" funds): Synonym
term conversion (2) (conversion, conversion).
tangibles (fungible): Bearer securities, shares or
goods that are equivalent to each other, interchangeable and
tradeable, e.g. soybeans, wheat, common stock
single issuer and dollar bills.
144
F/X
funny money ("strange money"): Convertible preferred shares,
convertible bonds, options and warrants that had
characteristics of ordinary shares, however, until 1969 did not reduce
company's reported earnings per share, farthest month (most
remote month): In commodities or options trading, the month that
farthest from the month of the conclusion of the contract, future exchange contract
(futures currency contract): A contract to buy or sell a currency, in
according to which the delivery date is delayed and the exchange rate is fixed
at the time of the conclusion of the contract.
futures (futures): (1) In a general sense, a currency bought or sold
at a rate that is quoted at a specific date in the future. (2) When
investment, contracts for the sale and delivery of goods in a certain
time in the future, concluded on the grounds that the goods cannot be
delivered immediately. See gray market ("gray" market); hedging
(hedging)", Tax Reform Act of 1976 (Tax Reform Act 1976
G.). futures call (futures contract "on demand"): Sale of goods,
under which the delivery can be made at the request of the seller in
any business day of the delivery month, futures commission broker (futures
commission broker): A firm or person who accepts and
execution of orders to buy or sell goods with a delayed
delivery in accordance with the rules of a specific derivatives market. These
brokers in connection with the receipt of such orders also accept money,
price-
securities or real estate (or issue a loan secured by these assets) with
so that you can trade on "margin". According to the Commodity Law
exchanges in cases where such brokers trade "covered"
goods, they must obtain a license, futures commission merchant
(intermediary in futures exchange operations): See futures commission broker
(futures commission broker).
futures contract: The right to buy or sell a commodity at
a fixed price with delivery at a specified time in the future. Price
fixed at the conclusion of the contract in the course of trading on the derivatives exchange.
futures exchange (terms exchange): An organization created to conduct
trades in commodity futures, futures market (terms market): Any
commodity exchange where futures are traded, futures spread
(futures spread): Simultaneous buying and selling of contracts for one and
the same or different products. When it comes to one product,
contracts must have different delivery months. Futures Spread Target
consists in making a profit due to the difference in the prices of two futures
contracts that have some direct economic relationship.
The trader buys one contract and sells another, but with a closer
delivery time, i.e. sells without having the goods in hand, in the hope that
the price of goods under one contract will rise faster than the price of another
contract. See spread (spread), straddle ("rack").
FV: See face value. F/X: Currency.
G
G: (1) Gold. (2) Dividends and earnings in Canadian dollars (symbol
found in the list of stock quotes in newspapers). GA: See general
account (general account), gambling ("gambling"): In relation to valuable
securities, the occasional buying and selling of securities without careful
studying their prospects, gap (gap): Movement in the price of a security or
of a good for which their price range of the previous day is not
overlaps their current day price range, resulting in
there is a price gap and no deals, garage, the ("garage"):
Slang expression for a wing attached to the New York
stock exchange in which are "post 30" trading "inactive"
securities and 18 more "posts", gather in the stops (collection of "stop" -
orders): A synonym for the term uncover the stops (failure to "stop" -
orders). See snowballing ("snowball").
GB: See bond, guaranteed.
GD: (1) See good delivery.
(2) See gross debt (gross debt), gearing ("equipment"): B
Great Britain, the ratio between the company's equity and
capital represented by debt securities with a fixed interest.
Synonymous with the term leverage in the United States,
general account (GA) (general account): The term of the Board of Governors of the Federal

Financial stability is closely related to the formation and use of the capital of the enterprise, the assessment of the adequacy of own capital for effective economic activity.

Financial stability is the ability of an enterprise not only to maintain a sufficient level of business activity and business efficiency, but also to increase it, while ensuring solvency, investment attractiveness within acceptable risk limits.

The enterprise must maintain a structural balance of assets and liabilities, taking into account changing factors external environment and internal factors. The structure of assets must meet the long-term needs of the development of economic activity, which requires reliable sources of their formation. When attracting borrowed capital, an enterprise must anticipate the financial consequences arising in connection with this: the inevitable increase in financial risks, the cost of maintaining borrowed capital, and the adverse impact of these factors on financial results.

The main condition for ensuring the financial stability of the enterprise is the growth of sales volumes, since revenue is a source of covering current expenses and generating normal profits. Profit growth, in turn, creates conditions for expanding economic activity, investing in improving the material and technical base, mastering new technologies, etc.

To assess the financial stability of the enterprise, absolute and relative indicators are used.

Absolute indicators of financial stability:

• absolute increase in total assets (liabilities, balance sheet);
• absolute increase in own funds (own capital) of the enterprise;
• availability of own working capital;
• provision of tangible current assets (reserves) with sustainable sources of formation;
• absolute increase in net revenue;
• absolute increase in net profit;
• absolute increase in net cash flow (the difference between the total inflow and total outflow of cash from operating activities).

For the smooth functioning of the enterprise great importance has the formation of the necessary volume and composition of production reserves. Therefore, when characterizing the financial stability of an enterprise, a special role belongs to the indicator of the availability of own sources of financing not only for all current assets, but precisely for inventories (working capital).

Using indicators of the availability of material working capital with sustainable sources of financing, four types of financial stability are distinguished.

• 1. Absolute stability- a state in which inventories are fully covered by their own working capital, i.e. the company is absolutely independent of external creditors. This situation rarely occurs in practice. Moreover, it is not always economically feasible, as it indicates a conservative approach to financing production activities, that the company's management does not use the effect of financial leverage to the proper extent.
• 2. Normal stability-- a state when inventories are formed both at the expense of own working capital and at the expense of short-term borrowed funds.
• 3. unstable financial situation, when own working capital and short-term borrowed funds are not enough to form inventories. Enterprises in such a situation use short-term accounts payable to finance part of the inventory. Sometimes this leads to delays in the payment of wages to employees, delays in settlements with suppliers.
• 4. Critical financial situation arises when, in addition to an unstable state, the enterprise does not repay loans and borrowings on time, cannot fulfill its payment obligations in a timely manner.

Based on the balance of the enterprise (table 10.1), table 10.3 shows the main absolute indicators of financial stability.

Table 10.3 - Absolute indicators of the financial stability of the enterprise for the reporting year

amounts, million rubles

Index	For the beginning of the year	At the end of the year	Change per year (+)
1. Capital and reserves
2. Long-term liabilities
3. Non-current assets
4. Own working capital (line 1 + line 2 - line 3)
5. Short-term borrowings
6. Total equity and short-term borrowings (line 4 + line 5)
7. Accounts payable

In the example under consideration, the enterprise has a shortage of its own working capital to finance reserves: at the beginning of the year, 16.3 million rubles, at the end - 12.5 million rubles, i.e. it does not have absolute financial stability. To finance inventories, along with own working capital, short-term borrowed funds are attracted. At the same time, the amount of own working capital, short-term borrowed funds exceeds the amount of reserves both at the beginning and at the end of the year. This indicates normal financial stability.

The total amount of all possible sources of financing of production reserves is significantly higher than the value of reserves: at the beginning of the year + 28.3 million rubles, at the end of the year + 36.6 million rubles.

Relative indicators of financial stability(coefficients widely used in world and domestic practice):

• autonomy coefficient- the ratio of equity capital to the total balance sheet. Shows to what extent the volume of financial resources used by the enterprise is formed at the expense of its own funds. The normal minimum value of this coefficient is 0.5. The higher this ratio, the higher the financial independence of the enterprise from external sources of financial resources;
• coefficient of long-term financial independence - the ratio of the amount of equity and long-term liabilities to the total balance sheet. It characterizes the independence of the enterprise from short-term borrowed sources of financing of economic activity;
• funding ratio- the ratio of equity capital to borrowed capital. The excess of equity over borrowed indicates that the company has a sufficient margin of financial strength;
• financial leverage ratio- the ratio of borrowed capital to equity capital. Characterizes the financial activity of the enterprise to attract borrowed funds;
• agility factor- the ratio of the amount of own working capital to the total amount of own funds (own capital). Shows the share of equity that is invested in current assets.

Based on the balance sheet of the enterprise (table 10.1) and the information given in table 10.3, table 10.4 shows the main financial stability ratios at the beginning and end of the reporting year.

Table 10.4 - The main ratios of the financial stability of the enterprise

Index	For the beginning of the year	At the end of the year	Rate of change in % or deviation (+")
5. Short-term liabilities, million rubles
6. Total amount of borrowed capital, million rubles (page 4 + page 5)
7. Equity and long-term liabilities, million rubles (page 1 + page 4)
8. Autonomy ratio (page 1: page 3)
9. Long-term financial independence ratio (p. 7: p. 3)
10. Funding ratio (page 1: page 6)
11. Financial leverage ratio (p. 6: p. 1)
12. Agility factor (page 2: page 1)

The data in Table 10.4 indicate a fairly high financial independence of the enterprise: the autonomy coefficient at the end of the year is 0.63, i.e. equity capital is 63% of the total sources of financing of the enterprise. It is positive that this figure has increased over the year.

The increase in the role of own sources of funds is evidenced by the dynamics of the funding ratio: it increased by 0.18 points. Accordingly, the coefficient of financial leverage has decreased.

The coefficient of maneuverability of the company's own capital at the beginning of the year was 0.45. This is enough high value, close to the recommended normal value of 0.2-0.5. During the year, the maneuverability coefficient slightly decreased - by 0.01 points. This coefficient depends on the sectoral affiliation of the enterprise, type of activity, structure of assets.

The long-term financial independence ratio has not changed over the year, which should be assessed positively. The value of the coefficient is quite high - 0.81. The organization provided an increase in the amount of equity for the year by 10.9% and a slight decrease in the amount of long-term liabilities.

The assessment of financial stability serves as the basis for developing measures to strengthen the financial condition of the enterprise. In doing so, there are several areas:

• 1. Measures to increase equity capital: increase in authorized capital; increase in profit from all types of activities and increase in the capitalized part of net profit.
• 2. Measures to improve the management of borrowed capital: determination of the maximum volume of borrowed capital; formation of a rational structure of borrowed funds; efficient use of borrowed capital, etc.
• 3. Measures to improve asset management: correct determination of the need for fixed and working capital for the organization of production activities; improving the efficiency of the use of fixed and working capital; improving the efficiency of long-term and short-term financial investments.

An assessment of the financial stability of an enterprise is important when planning an enterprise's need for capital and optimizing its structure.

The total need of the enterprise for capital is determined on the basis of the need for assets for the production, investment activities of financial transactions. Optimization of the capital structure can be carried out on the basis of:

• 1) multivariate calculations using the effect of financial leverage. At the same time, the capital structure is chosen from the standpoint of the highest return on equity (see Section 10.2);
• 2) minimizing the cost of capital. The cost of capital is the average price a company pays to raise capital from different sources. For example, the cost of raising capital from own internal sources is estimated by the return on equity; the cost of attracting loans is estimated by the amount of interest on the loan. To determine the optimal capital structure, they proceed from the possibilities of minimizing the weighted average cost of capital, taking into account all sources of its formation;
• 3) the chosen asset financing policy. Different components of the assets are financed from different sources. Approaches to financing assets, depending on the attitude of managers and owners of the enterprise to financial risks, have their own differences. Usually there are three groups of assets:
  • fixed assets;
  • permanent part of current assets- the minimum amount of current assets necessary for the enterprise to carry out current production activities, which does not depend on seasonal fluctuations volumes of activity;
  • variable part of current assets- part of current assets subject to fluctuations due to the seasonality factor.

There are three approaches to financing these asset groups (Table 10.5).

A conservative approach to asset financing assumes that non-current assets are financed mainly from equity and partly from long-term borrowed capital (up to 10%). The fixed part of working capital and half of the variable part of working capital must be fully financed from equity. The other half of the variable part of working capital is financed by short-term debt capital. This approach ensures a high coefficient of financial stability of the enterprise in the process of its development.

Table 10.5 - Approaches to financing the assets of an enterprise 1

Type of asset	Funding approach
	conservative	moderate	aggressive
Fixed assets
Permanent part of current assets
Variable part of current assets

Designations: SC - equity; S/C - long-term borrowed capital; KPC - short-term borrowed capital.

Moderate approach to asset financing assumes that non-current assets and a constant part of working capital are financed by equity and long-term borrowed capital. At the same time, the share of equity capital is 75-80%. The variable part of working capital - at the expense of short-term borrowed capital. This approach usually provides an acceptable level of financial stability.

Aggressive approach to asset financing assumes that the role of equity in financing non-current assets and the permanent part of current assets is reduced to 50-60%. The variable part of working capital is fully financed by short-term borrowed capital. In some cases, all current assets are financed by short-term borrowed capital. This approach reduces the financial stability of the enterprise, creates problems in ensuring solvency, although it allows you to work with minimum dimensions own capital.

• Savitskaya G. V. Methodology complex analysis economic activity: Textbook. - 4th ed. - M.: INFRA-M, 2007. - S. 322.

Magnesium deficiency is something that very, very many people have to deal with. The average human body typically contains approximately 30-60 grams of magnesium in the bones, teeth, heart, brain, and even blood.

Every cell in your body needs this mineral to function properly - magnesium is involved in over 300 metabolic processes!

Eat right and take care of yourself!

I think you already understand how important it is for your health to maintain an adequate level of magnesium in your body - and yet, even in developed countries, almost half of the population suffers from a lack of magnesium.

The stressful and casual lifestyle of modern man literally sucks all the juice out of us, forcing our body to use the substances stored in it to at least somehow compensate for this.

Simply put, the average person spends more magnesium than they get, and more than they can afford. The recommended daily intake of magnesium for an adult is approximately 500 to 1,000 milligrams per day.

What awaits you if you fail to replenish the rapidly depleting reserves of magnesium in the body?

Magnesium deficiency symptoms include tics, blood clots, leg cramps, migraines, anxiety, depression, illness of cardio-vascular system, blood sugar spikes, chronic fatigue, osteoporosis and insomnia.

In addition, the lack of magnesium in the body is associated with chronic diseases such as type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome - and many others. When your body lacks magnesium, it starts producing more insulin - which in turn allows extra glucose to seep into your cells. And this "inflates" the inflammatory processes in your body.

Magnesium for your body and mind

You should include foods that contain sufficient amounts of magnesium in your diet as soon as possible. A large number of Magnesium is found in green "leafy" vegetables such as spinach and kale, as well as fish, avocados, dark chocolate, whole grain baked goods, legumes, nuts, and various seeds.

You can also supplement your menu with dietary supplements containing magnesium, but keep in mind that they must be of the highest quality. Quality dietary supplements should contain four magnesium compounds - glycinate, malate, taurine and orotate, as these compounds are absorbed by your body much more easily than others.

Want to know what effect they have on your health?

Progesterone provides support for the second phase of the menstrual cycle. With its deficiency, various menstrual irregularities occur, and, as a result, ovulatory and anovulatory uterine bleeding. That is why, without the normal production of progesterone, pregnancy is almost impossible.

If pregnancy does occur, then a low progesterone content can have irreversible consequences: from miscarriages to underdevelopment of the embryo. How to get pregnant with low progesterone medical preparations containing this hormone and increasing it in the blood. A completely different question is whether a woman can bear and give birth to a healthy child?

What to do if there is not enough progesterone in a woman's blood?

When the function of the corpus luteum is impaired, natural or synthetic progesterone must be administered every other day or daily for several weeks until conception occurs. Then the drug is administered up to 4 months of pregnancy, in case of miscarriage - up to 36 weeks of pregnancy. The treatment regimen, the specific drug and its dosage are prescribed by the doctor, who relies on the results of the hormone test. In no case should you independently carry out treatment, or arbitrarily change the dosage of prescribed medications!

The level of progesterone in the blood is increased by medication, one drug or their complex. Usually these are capsules applied intravaginally or orally. In the first case - 100-200 mg every 12 hours, in the second - 200-400 mg at intervals of 6-8 hours (three times a day), for 12 weeks inclusive.

Duphaston (dydrogesterone) is prescribed in an amount of 10 mg with an interval of 8 hours, the course of treatment is individual, usually the drug is taken up to 14-20 weeks of gestation. An injectable 1% solution of injest should be administered every day or every other day, 0.5 or 2.5 ml, and a solution of progesterone (oily) - 10-25 mg, until the threat of miscarriage disappears.

How to maintain adequate progesterone levels?

When the progesterone content is lowered, but not so critical as to take medication, the hormone level can be increased by taking herbal tinctures or decoctions, after warning the doctor about such a desire. If the doctor recognizes such treatment as safe and useful, it will be possible to use such methods.

There is also a special preventive diet that increases the level of progesterone in the blood. It involves eating dairy, soy, legumes, and meat products, as well as nuts, cheeses, and eggs.

The main thing is not to worry about the results of the analysis for hormones, but to consult a doctor and strictly follow all his recommendations. Then the probability of conception will increase significantly, and the pregnancy will proceed favorably and end with the birth of a healthy baby.

Most of the secrets to good health are not secrets at all, but just common sense. For example, it is necessary to avoid contact with bacteria and viruses in the place of study and work. However, a number of similar rules can help to live more healthy life, regardless of age.

There are greens

Green leafy vegetables are excellent sources of vitamins that help maintain a balanced diet and a healthy immune system. According to a mouse study, eating cruciferous vegetables sends a chemical signal to the body that improves the surface quality of proteins in the body's cells, essential for effective work immune system. In this study, healthy mice deprived of green vegetables lost 70 to 80 percent of their cell surface proteins.

Maintain adequate levels of vitamin D

Statistics from studies in the United States show that many people do not consume adequate amounts of vitamin D on a daily basis. And then what can we say about less developed countries where the food of the inhabitants is worse. Vitamin D deficiency can lead to poor bone growth, cardiovascular problems, and a weak immune system.

According to many pediatricians, all children should be tested for sufficient levels of vitamin D. This is especially true for children with darker skin, as their body does not get enough vitamin D from exposure to sunlight. US studies show that children with vitamin D deficiency are more susceptible to respiratory infections. Infants are at particular risk because breast milk is often insufficiently fortified with vitamin D.

move a lot

Everyone probably knows the saying: "Movement is life." Being active, doing regular workouts, such as running at least three times a week, a person gets a lot more benefits than just keeping fit. According to a study published in an American medical journal, regular physical exercises also:

- Prevents inflammation and chronic diseases;

- reduces (and increases the amount of "anti-stress" hormones produced);

- accelerates the circulation of leukocytes together with the blood, which helps the body to quickly overcome the disease, in particular colds.

Rest

Sufficient sleep is extremely important for a person who has been exposed to a virus, as shown by the results of studies published in the Archives of Internal Medicine (USA). Greater tolerance was seen in those healthy adult participants who got at least eight hours of sleep every night for two weeks. Among those who slept seven hours or less each night, about 3% were more likely to develop the virus in their bodies after infection.

One of the reasons may be that the body produces cytokines, which occurs during a long period of sleep. Cytokines are a type of protein that helps the body fight infections by regulating the immune system.

Do not drink excess alcohol

New research shows that drinking alcohol can damage the body's dendritic cells, vital components of the immune system. An increase in alcohol consumption over time can increase a person's exposure to bacterial and viral infections.

Recently, a study was conducted comparing dendritic cells and the response of the immune system in mice that were provided with alcohol in their blood. It showed that alcohol suppressed the immune system in mice in varying degrees. Doctors say the study helps explain why vaccines are less effective for alcoholics. An article about the results of this study was, as always, published in the American Medical Journal.

Some may, of course, argue, guided by their own experience - many of us have heard about alcoholics who, as they say, “do not dry out”, and do not get sick with any viral diseases, or that, they say, someone drank and was cured. But this is a big illiterate delusion - the immunity of a drinking person is much worse, vitamins and others are lost. necessary elements in the body, and a drunk simply does not adequately respond to the disease.

take care of your nerves

For years, doctors have suggested that there is a link between frequent stress and physical illness. However, they do not have clear evidence to support this. Based on a 2012 study, the US National Academy of Sciences suggests that there is a long way to go in managing stress through techniques such as yoga or meditation.

The “anti-stress” hormone cortisol helps the body fight inflammation and disease. But the constant production of the hormone cortisol in humans is no longer as effective. Its constant presence in the body can lead to aggravation of inflamed processes or illness and a decrease in immunity.

Drink green tea

For centuries, green tea has been associated with good health. Green tea health benefits in the first place high level antioxidants called flavonoids.

According to a 2006 study published in the Journal of the American College of Nutrition, drinking several cups of green tea a day can provide significant health benefits. They lower blood pressure and reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease.

Make your diet more colorful

If it's hard to choose right choice among a variety of fruits and vegetables for the benefit of the body, then there is a simple rule that will help in this. You just need to choose them in as many different colors as possible. That is, for example, so that the daily diet includes yellow, green, red and, if possible, other fruits and vegetables. The use of plant fruits of almost all colors of the rainbow will help to get a very wide range of vitamins, including vitamin C, which is so necessary for immunity.

While there is no concrete evidence that vitamin C can reduce the severity or duration of an illness during illness itself, according to a study published in the European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, it may help the immune system be more prepared for colds and flu, especially in those who are overly stressed.

communicate more

Doctors have long noticed a link between chronic illness and loneliness, especially in patients undergoing heart surgery. Some medical organizations even consider social isolation as a risk factor for chronic diseases. A study published by the American Psychological Association (APA) shows that social isolation can increase stress, which slows down the body's immune system response to disease and its ability to heal wounds. In addition, according to the results of this study, this was observed more in male rats than in females. It turns out communication to enhance immunity is more important for men.

Get flu shots

The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends that all people older than six months of age get an annual flu shot. However, they believe that exceptions should be made for people who have severe allergies (such as anaphylaxis) to chicken eggs, or severe reactions to influenza vaccinations (eg, Guillain-Barré syndrome). But as mentioned above, US experts believe so. In fact, any vaccinations, indeed, should be done only if there is confidence in the drug itself, so as not to bring more harm to your body than good.

Wash your hands regularly

Infectious diseases are much less likely to be picked up by deliberately trying to avoid their pathogen. To do this, every day, experts advise taking a shower and washing hands before eating, preparing food, putting on contact lenses, any other action in which contact with the eyes or mouth occurs.

Wash your hands for at least 20 seconds and trim your nails regularly. When coughing or sneezing, it is important to cover your nose with a tissue. It will be useful to wipe keyboards, phones, doorknobs and consoles remote control with which to come into contact.

Observe hygiene when using personal items

Influenza viruses can generally live on surfaces for anywhere from two to twenty-four hours. This gives the germs plenty of time to spread to family members or another group of people. Only one sick child can transmit the disease to the whole family under certain conditions.