The first years of life are an intense period of emotional development. It is at this time that the child is most direct in expressing feelings; his joy is immeasurable, his fear is sincere, his resentment is deep. He also has an increased need for emotional recognition by others. Most children in the first years of life are strongly attached to their mother, who is a kind of emotional standard for them in relationships with people. On the basis of attachment, a feeling of love for parents is formed, which reaches its maximum development, like all emotional development, at the age of four. The love of boys for their mothers in these years is deep, penetrating. This is a spring of feelings that can make childhood happy.
Everything that has been said about boys can also be applied to girls in relation to their love for their father. At this age, children especially love affection, kisses, they cling to adults, hug them, which indicates the development of the so-called body schema, or sensual, bodily image of the "I" along with emotions.
The child's emotions develop in activity and depend on the content and structure of this activity. A two-three-month-old baby already has a positive emotional attitude towards his mother or another close person. This emotion, which is, apparently, the germ of all higher human feelings that are further formed, is called in psychology the "complex of revival."
Emotions of the type of "revitalization complex" are formed in the first months of a baby's life on the basis of the experience he acquires of practical interaction and communication with close adults who help him satisfy all life's needs (including the need for new experiences), caress him, provide him with comfort and security. If the infant does not have such experience or is insufficient, then the appearance of the "revitalization complex" is delayed, it may not occur at all, which has a negative impact on the entire subsequent development of the child's personality. As the child develops, new needs and interests are formed.
It is especially important to develop in the child a sense of location, sympathy for loved ones, sympathy for their experiences and actions. Gradually, the child has the simplest moral experiences. Thus, emotional experiences begin to be caused not only by what is simply pleasant or unpleasant, but also by what is good or bad, what meets or contradicts the requirements of the surrounding people.
Having successfully passed the crisis, the child approaches the preschool period - the period of awakening and flowering of his cognitive, creative, emotional abilities. The child becomes smart "before our eyes", is curious, concludes something, develops the ability to compare, generalize, highlight the main thing, see causes and effects. The child asks about everything that interests him. The emotional development of a preschooler is one of the essential conditions that ensure the effectiveness of the process of education and upbringing, its various aspects.
Back to top preschool age the child comes already with a relatively rich emotional experience. He usually reacts quite vividly to joyful and sad events, easily imbued with the mood of the people around him. The expression of emotions in him is manifested in his facial expressions, words, movements.
It is important for a small child to establish a warm, affectionate relationship with the caregiver. An adult who has managed to win the sympathy of a preschooler easily achieves from him the fulfillment of the requirements, obedience to moral standards of behavior.
To understand children's emotions, the educator needs to identify the sources of their origin, which lie in the meaningful activity of the child, under the influence of which he begins to not only understand, but also experience this world in a new way. In educational work, it is very important to achieve the unity of these two points - the combination of a child's deep understanding of certain facts of reality with the correct attitude towards them.
Musical lessons, listening to fairy tales and artistic stories, acquaintance with native nature, dramatized games, modeling, drawing develop aesthetic experiences in a preschooler, teach them to feel beauty in the surrounding life and in works of art.
Classes and didactic games, enriching him with new knowledge, forcing him to strain his mind to solve any cognitive problem, develop various intellectual emotions in preschoolers. Surprise at a meeting with a new, unknown, curiosity and curiosity, confidence or doubt in one's judgments, joy from a solution found - all these emotions are necessary. integral part mental activity.
Most importantly, moral education, acquaintance with the life and work of people, the fulfillment of feasible labor tasks, the practical mastery of the norms of behavior in the family and in the kindergarten team, form the sphere of emotional manifestations in preschoolers.
Moral feelings develop in a child in the process of activity, as a result of the practical fulfillment of the moral requirements that the people around him make of him. Emotional reactions in babies are caused only by the attitude of a loved one towards them, his approval or condemnation of the actions performed.
In the fourth - fifth year of life, the child first appears the beginnings of a sense of duty. This is due to the formation of the simplest moral ideas about what is good and what is bad. There are experiences of pleasure, joy in the successful fulfillment of one's duties and grief in violation of established requirements. Such emotional experiences arise mainly in the relationship of the child with a person close to him and gradually spread to a wider circle of people.
The beginnings of a sense of duty in a preschooler are inseparable from his actions and deeds performed in fulfilling those moral requirements that are imposed on the child in the family and in kindergarten. Moreover, at first they appear only in the process of actions and only later - before they are committed, as if emotionally anticipating subsequent behavior.
The nature of the development of higher specifically human emotions (empathy and sympathy) is one of the essential conditions for the fact that in some cases moral norms and principles are assimilated by children and regulate their behavior, while in others they remain only knowledge that does not prompt action. Moral behavior is sensitivity and humanity, attentive and kind attitude towards adults and peers. An abundance of toys, entertainment items, etc. in the absence of everyday care for another person, it contributes to the fact that teaching children kindness, sensitivity is sometimes reduced to a minimum.
The formation of moral feelings and knowledge in preschool children depends on the types and tasks of the activity itself. For example, labor activity was organized in such a way that it required joint efforts and mutual assistance, and favorable conditions were created for this, conducive to the emergence of a common emotional experience and mutual among the members of the group. If such work was not carried out by the teacher and the activity of the children's group was devoid of a unifying principle in its content, and the goals of one member of the group objectively came into conflict with the goals of another, then under these conditions negative relations between children began to take shape, quarrels easily arose. The conditions for the emergence of moral emotions and their qualitative features (strength, duration, stability) are significantly different in each of the situations that differ in tasks, structure and content of activity.
Thus, the conditions of individual performance of tasks, when the child acted next to a peer, and each of them had everything necessary to complete the task, did not contribute to unity and mutual assistance. It is characteristic that, in this case, the generally positive emotional background of activity was often disturbed by quarrels, resentments, discontent arising in response to the successful action of a peer, to his successful result.
At the same time, when making a common product, the first actions also led to negative emotions: intransigence, inconsistency, resentment. However, as each of the children clarified the meaning of the common activity and their place in it, the children's emotions acquired a different character. Unsuccessful actions were experienced more intensely and vividly, and experiences encouraged children to jointly look for ways to overcome difficulties. But no matter how complex and contradictory this process may be, in the end, it always turns out that the features of the child's emotional attitude to the environment depend on the nature of his emotional, acquired in activity.
Not all components of children's activity play the same role in the emergence of emotions. If the methods of performing actions and the operations associated with them indirectly affect the occurrence of experiences, then the motives and goals of the activity have a direct influence on the child.
As under the influence of joint labor activity, the results of which were important not only for an individual child, but for the whole group as a whole (fulfilling the duties of a duty officer in a canteen, in a corner of nature, etc.), new motives of behavior were formed in children , they also had a new kind of emotional experience. Gradually, an indifferent or negative attitude to work duties was replaced by a great emotional sensitivity to the assessment of others.
In the formation of the desire to do something useful, necessary not only for oneself, an important role is played by the development of special forms of social orientation, active attention to other people, which is a necessary condition for the emergence of empathy. Under the influence of the activity performed by the child, he forms a new attitude not only to people, but also to things.
The inner emotional attitude of the child to the surrounding reality, as it were, grows out of his practical interactions with this reality and that new emotions arise and develop in the process in his sensory-objective activity.
A significant, but not always sufficiently taken into account, influence on the emotional state of the child is the teacher's assessment of his actions. In most children, positive assessments of the teacher increase the tone of the nervous system, increase the effectiveness of the activities performed. At the same time, negative assessments, especially if they are repeated, create a depressed mood and inhibit physical and mental activity.
If parents are intolerant of the child's spontaneity, affect and spontaneous expression of negative emotions, punish him for the slightest manifestation of them, surround him with a fence of moralizing and threats, the picture of the child's development will be different. Such blocking of negative emotions creates a state of chronic mental tension, a hidden feeling of irritation, resentment and discontent arises. Usually quiet at home and polite in public, the child will try to defuse feelings of tension on peers by being aggressive and unfriendly, or by doing everything on the sly, remaining beyond the suspicion of adults.
Negative emotional background is characterized by depression, bad mood, confusion. The child almost does not smile or does it ingratiatingly, the head and shoulders are lowered, the arms hang along the body or lie on the table, the expression on the face is sad. The child often cries, is easily offended, sometimes for no apparent reason. He spends a lot of time alone, not interested in anything.
Thus, the truth lies somewhere in the middle, and both repression and permissiveness should be avoided.
Throughout childhood, emotions go the way of progressive development, acquiring ever richer content and ever more complex forms under the influence of social conditions of life and upbringing.
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Emotions are an integral part of the reaction of man and other higher animals to factors environment. They appear constantly and affect the behavior and actions of any thinking being all his life, so it is obvious that not only the spiritual state of a person, but also his physical health depends on the emotional background to a certain extent.
The word “emotion” itself comes from the Latin “emoveo”, which means excitement, shock, experience. That is, it is logical to perceive the emotions that arise in us as fluctuations passing through the whole body, affecting all organs and systems, linking them together.
Since ancient times, scientists interested in medicine have observed a correlation between the prevailing emotional state and human health. This is written in the treatises of oriental medicine, the works of Hippocrates and other ancient Greek scientists. We can also trace the understanding of the relationship between emotional and physical health among the people thanks to well-known sayings: “joy makes you young, but grief makes you old”, “like rust eats iron, sadness corrodes the heart”, “you can’t buy health - it gives the mind”, “all diseases from nerves." These statements call for attention to the detrimental effect of severe emotional stress on the nervous system, which negatively affects the health of other organs and systems.
AT modern science The connection between physical health and emotions was confirmed by neurophysiologist Charles Sherington, Nobel Prize winner. He deduced a pattern: the resulting emotional experiences flow into somatic and vegetative changes.
- Physiology of the influence of emotions on the body.
The reaction to the world around us, first of all, occurs in the central nervous system. Receptors from the sense organs send signals to the brain, and it responds to emerging stimuli, forming a set of commands to help overcome the obstacle that arises or consolidate the correct action.
- Scheme of the impact of negative emotions.
With negative emotions, for example, in response to resentment, aggression occurs, reinforced by the adrenal hormone norepinephrine; when you feel danger, fear arises, reinforced by adrenaline; the appearance of a rival or competitor for resources becomes a cause of jealousy and envy. Regular irritation appropriately transforms ordinary, controlled emotions into something more: in the first case, aggression develops into hatred, in the second, fear into anxiety (the state of the victim), in the third, into irritability and discontent.
- Scheme of action of positive emotions.
Positive emotions are accompanied by the release of happiness hormones (endorphins, dopamine), they give a euphoric effect that makes a person try harder to get joy and peace again. Similarly, serotonin works, the level of which in the blood determines sensitivity to pain and physical factors (it is thanks to it that children so easily forget about injuries and are able to ignore obvious injuries such as cuts, tears, etc. for a long time).
- Physiological manifestations of emotions.
Hormones prepare the body to respond to irritation: the heart rate accelerates, blood vessels dilate, characteristic facial expressions occur, abdominal muscles contract, breathing quickens, the evacuation function of the gastrointestinal tract is stimulated, “goosebumps” appear (adaptation to air temperature), fever, nervous excitement.
When the boundary of regular influence is overcome, this means that the person did not cope with the problem on his own, which constantly caused the corresponding emotions. Upon reaching a certain limit, individual for each, the body itself takes the levers to control the body. Thus, with the new appearance of the stimulus, the conscious part of the personality loses control. In this case, a person begins to behave like an animal, is able to harm himself or others, that is, emotions can not only harm physical body but also seriously undermine spiritual health.
In the case of constant emotional influence, be it positive or negative, the body self-destructs, as a person ceases to pay attention to his primary needs. A constant strong reaction (excitement, concern, fear, euphoria) exhausts the body, which becomes the cause of the disease.
Each of us knows that emotions that arise as a result of any events are an aid to the formation of mood. And the mood, in turn, depends on the ability to cope with certain problems. Cheerfulness of spirit is always accompanied by success and joy, and depression and fatigue are always accompanied by illnesses and misfortunes.
Oriental medicine has an extensive knowledge base to find the relationship between individual internal organs and external manifestations of their condition. For example, it was Eastern doctors who created maps of bioactive points, a urinalysis system, schemes of values for the type and color of plaque on the tongue, and it was determined by what changes in facial features one or another disease can be detected.
how negative emotions affect health:
Anxiety, anxiety, depression - these emotions extinguish the manifestations of energy in a person, make them fear the world around them. The consequence of constant restraint is problems with the tonsils (tonsillitis) and throat (bronchitis, laryngitis), up to loss of voice;
Jealousy - unrest caused by the desire to limit the freedom of a nearby person and greed, provoke insomnia and frequent migraines;
Hatred - sudden surges of energy that overwhelm the body, splash out to no avail, shaking the human psyche. He often and greatly suffers from the slightest setbacks, and improper impulsive behavior leads to problems with the gallbladder, stomach and liver.
Irritation - when every little thing irritates a person, we can talk about sensitization of the body caused by a weakening of protective functions. It is not surprising that such people suffer from frequent bouts of nausea (a physiological reaction to poisoning), which no medication can cope with;
Arrogance and snobbery - arrogance provokes constant dissatisfaction with the things and people around a person, which causes problems with the joints, intestines and pancreas;
Fear - appears in people for whom the main goal is survival. Fear absorbs energy, makes a person cynical, withdrawn, dry and cold. Suspicion and confidence in the hostility of the world provoke arthritis, deafness and senile dementia in such a person;
Self-doubt - guilt for every oversight and mistake overloads thoughts and causes chronic headaches;
Despondency, boredom, sadness - such emotions stop the flow of energy in the body, provoke stagnation, loss of motivation. In an effort to protect himself from risks and new attachments, a person goes into his own sadness and loses the opportunity to get bright positive emotions. As a result, he is overtaken by constipation, asthma, immunodeficiency, impotence, frigidity.
Excessive joy is also referred to negative manifestations of emotions, because because of it, a person’s energy dissipates without a trace, getting lost and wasted in vain. Due to constant loss, a person is forced to look for new pleasures, which he is again unable to keep. The cycle closes, and life turns into a constant search for entertainment, which leads to anxiety (fear of losing access to what you want), despair and insomnia.
Of course, it should be borne in mind that one-time, rare manifestations of negative emotions are a completely normal reaction to the problems that every person has. To a certain extent, they even turn out to be useful, since, firstly, they are able to push a person to an important decision and stimulate the desire to correct problem situation in the right direction, and secondly, they are a contrast against which positive emotions become more desirable and better tangible.
Problems bring long-term emotional impacts that become pathological over time. It is they that undermine the body from the inside and are able to make a person defenseless against the surrounding harmful factors, creating the basis for the development of all kinds of diseases.
Our thoughts and emotions directly affect our lives. In addition to lifestyle, genetic predisposition and exposure to external factors, our emotional state also affects our state of health. Emotions affect the well-being of a person, his communication skills and even his position in society, therefore it is very important to learn how to express your feelings correctly - if you do not give vent to negativity and other negative emotions, this can ultimately affect your health..
A good emotional state is a rarity these days. Negative emotions can significantly affect the state of health. Unfortunately, it is impossible to protect yourself from negative emotions: dismissal from work, financial difficulties, problems in personal life and other problems inevitably affect the mood and sometimes the well-being of a person.
Therefore, the site will tell you how the following negative emotions affect a person’s health:
In “small controlled doses”, anger is good, but if you experience this emotion too often and also do not know how to manage it, anger negatively affects the ability to reason logically, as well as the health of the cardiovascular system.
Anger triggers the fight-or-flight response, leading to the release of adrenaline, norepinephrine, and cortisol. As a result, the amygdala (brain area responsible for emotions) is activated and promotes blood flow to the frontal lobe (brain area responsible for logical thinking). Therefore, anger prevents us from thinking soberly, and when we get angry, we can commit impulsive actions.
Anger slows down wound healing, increases the risk of cardiovascular disease, and impairs logical thinking.
Moreover, when we are angry, the blood vessels constrict, blood pressure rises, as does the rate of breathing. Studies have shown that anger tendencies increase the risk of coronary heart disease in middle-aged people. In addition, the risk of adverse cardiovascular events is significantly increased two hours after an outburst of anger.
Anger also slows down wound healing by 40% due to cortisol activity, and it also increases the levels of cytokines (molecules that trigger inflammation), resulting in an increased risk of arthritis, diabetes, and cancer.
Frequent excitement affects the state of the spleen, weakens the stomach and impairs the function of neurotransmitters, especially serotonin. Therefore, constant excitement can lead to nausea, diarrhea, stomach problems and other chronic diseases. Anxiety is also associated with:
Psychologists also argue that constant worry interferes with a person's social relationships and leads to sleep disturbances, which in turn negatively affect health.
Sadness is perhaps one of the most long-lasting emotions that affects a person's health, weakening lung function, causing fatigue and difficulty breathing.
When we are very sad, the bronchioles constrict, making it difficult for air to get in and out of the lungs. Therefore, people prone to sadness are more likely to have problems with the bronchi and breathing.
Depression and melancholy also negatively affect the condition of the skin and weight, and also increases addiction to drugs.
If you are sad, it is better to cry - this will help reduce the level of stress hormones and neurotransmitters.
We respond to stress in different ways. Short-term stress helps the body adapt and function better, but under conditions of chronic stress, there is an increase in blood pressure, an increased risk of developing asthma, ulcers, and irritable bowel syndrome.
Problems with cardiovascular system- a common consequence of constant stress due to increased blood pressure, cholesterol levels, as well as a tendency to bad habits and overeating.
Chronic stress is also associated with a number of problems:
This emotion affects a person very strongly, forcing melancholy. This interferes with the functioning of the lungs, blood circulation, and can also lead to violent outbursts of anger.
If a person feels lonely, the body produces more cortisol, which can increase blood pressure and reduce the quality of sleep.
For older people, loneliness increases the risk of mental illness, cognitive decline, heart disease and stroke, and a weakened immune system.
This emotion affects self-esteem, causes anxiety, as a result of which the kidneys, adrenal glands and the reproductive system suffer.
Most of all, fear affects the condition of the kidneys, worsening their function. Sometimes, among other things, as a result of a feeling of fear, frequent urination is observed.
As for the adrenal glands, during fear they produce more stress hormones, which further negatively affect the functioning of the body.
Also, frequent fear can cause pain in the lower back.
A state of shock may occur in response to trauma caused by an unexpected situation that a person is unable to cope with.
The shock hits the nervous system, kidneys and heart. This reaction leads to the release of adrenaline, resulting in an increased heart rate, possible insomnia and anxiety.
The state of shock can even change the structure of the brain by affecting the frontal cortex.
On a physical level, shock can cause:
A person prone to hatred and/or impatience often has bowel and heart problems.
Such emotions also affect the body, as they activate the production of stress hormones, which in turn increase blood pressure and heart rate, as well as:
Jealousy impairs attention, makes it difficult to concentrate on important things. In addition, the feeling of jealousy leads to the appearance of symptoms of stress, anxiety and depression, which is fraught with increased production of adrenaline and norepinephrine in the body.
Envy, jealousy and frustration are the enemies of the brain, Bladder and liver.
Jealousy, due to the increased production of certain hormones, leads to stagnation of blood in the liver, which disrupts the production of bile in the gallbladder. As a result, the body can not cope with the elimination of toxins and observed:
Anxiety is a part of everyone's life. When we experience this feeling, blood pressure and heart rate rise, blood rushes to the brain - this is quite normal.
However, constant anxiety, like other negative emotions, affects the physical and mental health of a person negatively.
Physically, anxiety can lead to:
In general, often experienced negative emotions, according to a study published in the Journal of Psychosomatic Research (“Journal of Psychosomatic Research”) in 2000, disrupt the functioning of the whole organism. At the same time, anxiety is the most common factor associated with heart disease. In this regard, the site advises you to learn how to control negative emotions in order to neutralize the negative impact of this factor on your health and well-being.
Throughout the centuries-old history, the study of emotional states has received the closest attention, they have been assigned one of the central roles among the forces that determine the inner life and actions of a person.
The development of approaches to the study of emotional states was carried out by such psychologists as W. Wundt, V. K. Vilyunas, W. James, W. McDougall, F. Kruger.
W. Wundt
V.K.Vilyunas
W. McDougall
Teachings about feelings or emotions is the most undeveloped chapter in psychology. This is the side of human behavior that is more difficult to describe and classify, and also to explain by some kind of laws.
In modern psychological science, there are the following types and forms of experiencing feelings:
moral feelings- these are feelings in which a person's attitude to the behavior of people and to his own is manifested. Moral feelings are alienation and affection, love and hatred, gratitude and ingratitude, respect and contempt, sympathy and antipathy, a sense of respect and contempt, a sense of camaraderie and friendship, patriotism and collectivism, a sense of duty and conscience. These feelings are generated by the system of human relations and the aesthetic norms that govern these relations.
Intellectual Feelings arise in the process of mental activity and are associated with cognitive processes. It is the joy of searching when solving a problem or a heavy feeling of dissatisfaction when it is not possible to solve it. Intellectual feelings also include the following: curiosity, curiosity, surprise, confidence in the correctness of the solution of the problem and doubt in case of failure, a sense of the new.
aesthetic feelings- this is a feeling of beauty or, on the contrary, ugly, rude; a feeling of greatness or, conversely, meanness, vulgarity.
Object feelings- feelings of irony, humor, a sense of the sublime, tragic.
Attempts to give more universal classifications of emotion were made by many scientists, but each of them put forward his own basis for this. So, T. Brown put the sign of time as the basis for classification, dividing emotions into immediate, that is, manifested "here and now", retrospective and prospective. Reed built a classification based on the relationship to the source of the action. I. Dodonov in 1978 notes that it is impossible to create a universal classification in general, therefore a classification suitable for solving one range of problems turns out to be ineffective for solving another range of problems
Emotions - (French emotion, from Latin emoveo - shake, excite) - a class of mental states and processes that express in the form of direct biased experience the meaning of reflected objects and situations for meeting the needs of a living being.
Emotion is a general, generalized reaction of the body to vital influences.
The class of emotions includes moods, feelings, affects, passions, stresses. These are the so-called "pure" emotions. They are included in all mental processes and human states. Any manifestations of his activity are accompanied by emotional experiences.
Of greatest importance is the division of emotions into higher and lower.
Higher (complex) emotions arise in connection with the satisfaction of social needs. They appeared as a result of social relations, labor activity. Lower emotions are associated with unconditioned reflex activity, based on instincts and being their expression (emotions of hunger, thirst, fear, selfishness).
Of course, since a person is an inseparable whole, the state of the emotional body directly affects all other bodies, including the physical one.
In addition, emotional states (more precisely, the states of the emotional body) can be caused not only by emotions. Emotions are pretty fleeting. There is an impulse - there is a reaction. There is no impulse - and the reaction disappears.
Emotional states are much more permanent. The reason for the current state may disappear long ago, but the emotional state remains and sometimes lingers for a long time. Of course, emotions and emotional states are inextricably linked: emotions change emotional states. But emotional states also affect emotional reactions, and in addition they affect thinking (i.e. mind). In addition, feelings contribute: they also change the emotional state. And since people often confuse where feelings are and where emotions are, then a simple process in general turns into something difficult to understand. Rather, this is not difficult to understand - it is difficult to put it into practice without preparation, and therefore (including therefore) people sometimes have difficulties with managing their emotions and emotional states.
It is possible to suppress an emotional state by an effort of will - this is the very suppression that is harmful, according to psychologists, all the more harmful both for a person and as a parent. You can switch yourself: artificially evoke in yourself (or attract from outside) some other impulse - react to it in some previously known way - a new emotion will add its stream and lead to a different emotional state. You can do nothing at all, but focus on living the current emotional state(this approach is mentioned in Buddhism and Tantra). This is nothing new, and we learn to suppress emotional states from childhood, considering this process the control of emotions ... but this is not true. Still, this is the control of emotional states, and with its help it is impossible to control emotions themselves.
And this is where the confusion appears: a person thinks that he is trying to control emotions - but he does not work with emotions. In reality, a person is trying to work with the consequences of emotions; but since he does not touch on the causes of his emotional state, his attempts will certainly be ineffective (of course, if he does not work with himself and in terms of choosing emotions) - in terms of emotional states, the difficulty is that our current state is the result of several different reasons at once , diverse reasons. Therefore, it is difficult to choose an intelligent method of self-regulation (especially if only emotions are taken into account and other areas of the psyche are not taken into account). However, it seems that with a sufficiently developed will, it is easier to work with one's own emotional states. Well, you should not lose sight of the fact that the causes from the sphere of feelings are weakly amenable to control and observation, at least at first.
Thus, there are a great many approaches to the classification and definition of emotions, emotions accompany all manifestations of the body's vital activity and perform important functions in the regulation of human behavior and activities:
· signaling function(signal about a possible development of events, a positive or negative outcome)
· estimated(assesses the degree of usefulness or harmfulness to the body)
· regulating(based on the received signals and emotional assessments, he chooses and implements ways of behavior and actions)
· mobilizing and disorganizing
adaptive the function of emotions is their participation in the process of learning and gaining experience.
The main emotional states distinguished in psychology:
1) Joy (satisfaction, fun)
2) Sadness (apathy, sadness, depression)
3) Fear (anxiety, fear)
4) Anger (aggression, anger)
5) Surprise (curiosity)
6) Disgust (contempt, disgust).
Positive emotions arising as a result of the interaction of the organism with the environment contribute to the consolidation of useful skills and actions, while negative ones force one to evade harmful factors.
What emotions and emotional state are you experiencing lately?
Emotional state: types and features of human experiences
Any person gets acquainted and comprehends the surrounding reality through the means of cognition: attention, sensations, perception, thinking, imagination and memory. Each subject in some way reacts to ongoing events, feels some emotions, experiences feelings towards certain objects, people, phenomena. The subjective attitude to situations, facts, objects, persons is reflected in the consciousness of the individual in the form of experiences. Such relationships experienced in the inner world are called "emotional state". This is a psychophysiological process that motivates a person to perform some actions, regulates his behavior, affects thinking.
In the scientific community, there is no single universal definition that explains exactly what an emotional phenomenon is. The emotional state is a generalizing concept for all relationships experienced by a person that have arisen in the course of his life. Satisfaction of the requirements and requests of a person, as well as the dissatisfaction of the needs of the individual, gives rise to a variety of emotional states.
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Experiments in hypnosis: hypnotic phenomena in deep hypnosis (somnambulism). Hypnosis training
In domestic science, emotional processes are classified into separate types, each of which is endowed with its own characteristics and characteristics.
The emotional world of a person is represented by five components:
All of the above components of the emotional sphere of a person are one of the main regulators of the subject's behavior, act as a source of knowledge of reality, express and determine the variety of options for interaction between people. It should be noted that the same emotional process can last from a few seconds to several hours. Moreover, each type of experience can be expressed with minimal force or be very intense.
Consider all the elements of the sphere of emotions and feelings in more detail.
Emotion is the experience of the subject at a specific moment of his life, conveying a personal assessment of the ongoing event, informing about his attitude to the real situation, to the phenomena inner world and events external environment. Human emotions arise instantly and can change very quickly. The most significant characteristic of emotions is their subjectivity.
Like all other mental processes, all types of emotional states are the result of the active work of the brain. The trigger mechanism for the emergence of emotions is the changes that are currently taking place in the surrounding reality. The more important and significant the ongoing changes are for the subject, the more acute and vivid will be the emotion experienced by him.
When an emotion occurs, a temporary focus of excitation is formed in the cerebral cortex and further in the subcortical centers - clusters of nerve cells located under the cerebral cortex. It is in these segments of the brain that the main departments of the regulation of the physiological activity of the body are located. That is why the emergence of such a focus of excitation leads to increased activity internal organs and systems. Which, in turn, finds a noticeable external reflection.
Let's illustrate with examples. We blush with shame. We turn pale with fear, and our heart stops. The heart aches from sadness. From excitement we suffocate, we often and irregularly take breaths and exhalations.
Emotions are also characterized by valence (orientation). They can be positive or negative. It should be noted that in almost all people in a normal state, the number of emotions of a negative tone significantly exceeds the number of experiences of a positive color. In the course of research, it was found that the left hemisphere is more a source of positive emotions, and the right hemisphere is more supportive of negative experiences.
In all types of emotional states, their polarity is traced, that is, the presence of emotions with a “plus” sign and with a “minus” sign. For example: pride - annoyance; joy is grief. There are also neutral emotions, for example: astonishment. This does not mean that the two polar emotions are mutually exclusive. In the complex feelings of a person, a combination of conflicting emotions is often found.
Emotions also differ in intensity - their strength. For example: anger, anger and rage are essentially identical experiences, but they manifest themselves with different strengths.
Emotions are also classified into two types: sthenic (active) and asthenic (passive). Active experiences motivate and encourage a person to perform actions, passive emotions relax and deprive of energy. For example: for joy we are ready to move mountains, but for fear our legs give way.
Another feature of emotions is the fact that although they are perceived by a person as experiences, it is impossible in the waking state to influence their occurrence. All emotional states originate in the deep repositories of the psyche - the subconscious. Access to the resources of the subconscious sphere is possible with a temporary change in consciousness, achieved through hypnosis.
The second type of emotional states is affects. This is a short-term state, which is characterized by a special intensity and expressiveness of experiences. Affect is a psycho-physiological process that rapidly takes possession of the subject and proceeds very expressively. It is characterized by significant changes in consciousness and a violation of the control of the individual over his behavior, loss of self-control.
The affect is accompanied by pronounced external manifestations and active functional restructuring of work. internal systems. A feature of this variety of emotional states is the binding to the situation of the present. Affect always arises in response to an already existing state of affairs, that is, it cannot be oriented towards the future and reflect the experiences of the past.
Affect can develop for various reasons. A stormy emotional process can be caused by a single psychotraumatic factor, a long stressful situation, a serious human disease. Examples of affective states are the following states. Excitement when a favorite team wins, experienced by a passionate fan. The anger that arose at the discovery of the betrayal of a loved one. Panic that seized a person during a fire. The euphoria that a scientist had during the discovery after years of hard work.
In its development, affect goes through successively several stages, which are characterized by their own characteristics and experiences. In the initial phase, a person thinks exclusively about the subject of his experiences, involuntarily distracted from other more important phenomena. The usual picture of the start of an affective state is represented by energetic and expressive movements. Tears, heart-rending sobs, loud laughter, ridiculous cries are characteristic features of the experience of affect.
From a strong nervous tension, the pulse and respiratory function change, the motor skills of movements are disturbed. The intense action of stimuli that excite cortical structures above their inherent limit of performance leads to the development of transcendental (protective) inhibition. This phenomenon causes disorganization of human thinking: the subject experiences a persistent need to succumb to the experienced emotion.
At this moment of an affective state, any individual can take measures so as not to lose control over himself and slow down the development of a cascade of destructive reactions. It is precisely this phenomenon that hypnosis has an effect on: in a state of hypnotic trance, settings are implanted into the subconscious of a person, which allow, on an instinctive level, to prevent the growth of affect at a crisis moment. That is, as a result of suggestion during hypnosis, a person, without knowing it at a conscious level, acquires the required skills to inhibit the development of a negative emotional state.
If, nevertheless, the subsequent stage of affect has come, then the subject completely loses self-control and the ability to control behavior. He commits reckless acts, performs useless actions, says ridiculous phrases. It should be noted that it is difficult for a person to recall such manifestations of an affective outburst in the future. This situation arises due to the fact that after excessive excitation of the cortical structures, inhibition occurs, which interrupts the existing systems of temporary connections.
However, information about behavior during an affective outburst is firmly deposited in the subconscious sphere, reminding of itself with fuzzy and vague feelings of shame for the accomplished deeds. Such sensations that are not completely recognizable over time become the culprits of depressive states, because a person intuitively feels guilty, without realizing what he was guilty of. To recognize the factors moved to the subconscious during an affective outbreak, it is necessary to purposefully temporarily turn off consciousness through.
Summing up the information, it is necessary to point out: affect in itself is neither bad nor good. Its tone and consequences depend on what experiences a person experiences - positive or negative, and how much he controls himself in this emotional state.
The difference between hypnosis and other "states"
The third type of emotional states is feelings. These are more stable psycho-emotional states in comparison with emotions and affect. Feelings are manifestations of a person's subjective attitude to real facts or abstract objects, certain things or generalized concepts. Moreover, such an assessment is almost always unconscious. The origin and approval of feelings is the process of forming a stable attitude of a person to some object or phenomenon, which is based on the individual's experience of interacting with such an object.
The peculiarity of feelings - unlike emotions, they are more or less permanent, this is an ingrained personality trait. Emotion, at the same time, is a fleeting experience of a given situation. Let's take an example. Feeling is a person's love for music. Being at a good concert with excellent performance of music, he experiences active positive emotions - interest and joy. However, when the same person is faced with a disgusting performance of a work, he feels passive negative emotions - grief and disgust.
Feelings are directly related to the personality trait, they reflect a person's attitude to life, his worldview, beliefs, views. Feeling is a variety of emotional states that is complex in its structure. Let's take an example. The feeling of envy is essentially a person's feelings about the success of another person. Envy is a combination of several emotions combined together: anger, resentment, contempt.
In addition to valence (color), there is another feature of this species - the intensity of feelings. The stronger and deeper the feeling of a person, the more pronounced its external (physiological) manifestations, the more significant its influence on the behavior of the subject.
All negative feelings perform extremely destructive functions, forming painful thinking and leading to non-functional behavior. Such negative emotional states, rooted in the subconscious of a person, not only interfere with the normal interaction of a person in society, but also become the cause of psychopathological disorders.
Let's take envy as an example. Envy turns someone else's luck into an inferiority complex, another person's happiness into a feeling of their own worthlessness and uselessness. Envy is energetic vampire, which forces a person to spend his time, strength, energy on endless tracking of the successes and achievements of another person. This feeling makes a person begin to perform active actions, forcing gossip, slander, intrigues, intrigues, and often the use of physical force. As a result, the subject finds himself at a broken trough when he does not have the strength to act, and there are no friends who can support him. The onset of depression in such a situation is a natural step taken by the "wise" subconscious, indicating that the subject needs to stop, reconsider his worldview and choose a different style of behavior.
In addition to sthenic feelings that motivate the subject to action, there are also asthenic experiences. This is the emotional state that paralyzes the will of a person and deprives him of strength. An example of a passive feeling is despair, which underlies depressive states.
Feelings can be called an intermediate link between an intense emotion experienced in relation to some object or situation, and a neurotic or psychotic disorder. And in order to solve the problem of man, it is necessary to break this vicious chain. This requires gaining access to the repositories of the subconscious, which requires the temporary removal of conscious censorship through hypnosis. Only by establishing the initial factor that served to form a negative feeling can the obvious problem of a person be eliminated.
Mood is a rather long-term emotional state that colors all the experiences of a person and influences his behavior. Features of mood - lack of accountability, insignificance of severity, relative stability. If the mood acquires a significant intensity, then it has a significant impact on mental activity man, his productivity. For example, if a person is in a dreary mood, then it is very difficult for her to focus on the task being performed and it is problematic to bring the work she has started to the end.
Frequent changes in emotional states, called mood lability, suggest that the subject has affective disorders. The rapid change between an episode of blues and a state of mania can be a sign of bipolar depression.
Another feature of this emotional state is the lack of attachment to any particular object. mood expresses general attitude individual to the status quo as a whole.
How is a person's mood formed? This kind of emotional state can be very various sources: both recent events and very distant situations. The main factor influencing the mood of a person is his satisfaction or dissatisfaction with life in general, or with some individual phenomena. Despite the fact that the mood of the individual always depends on certain reasons, the sources of the present emotional state are not always clear and understandable to the individual. For example, a person indicates that she is in a bad mood, something oppresses and worries her. However, she cannot independently establish the relationship between her bad mood and her unfulfilled promise made a month ago.
To prevent mental anomalies, everyone should understand the reasons for the change in his mood. In order to avoid depression and other problems, it is necessary to identify and eliminate objectively existing factors that affect the emotional state of a person. This step is conveniently and expediently performed by applying hypnosis techniques. A feature of hypnosis is its painlessness and comfort: the establishment and correction of any psychological defects occurs in a "harmless" mode, when the subject's psyche does not receive unnecessary traumas characteristic of psychotherapeutic effects.
The term "stress" is used to denote special experiences of feelings that are similar in their characteristics to affect and similar in their duration to moods. The causes of stress are varied. A single intense extreme exposure to external factors can cause a stressful state. Long-acting monotonous situations in which the individual feels threatened or offended can also lead to stress. For example, a woman, due to circumstances, is forced to share housing with an alcoholic spouse, with whom she is connected both by common children and jointly “earned” debts. It is impossible to radically change the situation at one moment, and the necessary internal forces the lady is missing. So she pulls her miserable burden, experiencing a lot of negative emotions every day. The lack of prospects for improving the situation, the impossibility of restoring the old family relationships are grounds for stress.
Often this emotional state occurs in the subject if he feels nervous tension for a long period and experiences negative emotions. At the same time, he understands that changing the current situation at the moment and in the near future is impossible. An example of such a situation is a sudden tragedy, as a result of which a person is physically injured and becomes confined to a wheelchair. Awareness of one's physical inadequacy, understanding that the full recovery of the body is hardly possible for a person to act as a colossal stress, fraught with the development of deep depressions.
Is it possible to overcome stress and restore full health? Very often, orthodox medicine, by prescribing psychotropic drugs to the patient, tries to eliminate the painful symptoms that accompany stress. However, having faded away for a short time, painful experiences again return to the person, and in a more expressive form.
This happens because drug treatment unable to act on the cause of the problem, so drugs cannot provide a full recovery mental health person. To determine and influence the source of life's difficulties, it is necessary to use hypnosis, since only it has the resources to penetrate the subconscious sphere - a repository of information about a person's personal history. Treatment of the consequences of stress with the help of hypnosis ensures the complete elimination of the provocateur of the problem, a life-long change in worldview to constructive tactics, and atraumatic restoration of a person’s mental health.
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