The psyche is a characteristic of the human condition, a specific descriptive feature that includes many different aspects, issues and problems. In this article we will try to answer some questions related to it. In particular, the definition of the psyche, its characteristics, functions, properties, structure and much more will be considered.
The psyche is a complex term that exists in such areas of human knowledge and activity as philosophy, psychology and medicine. This concept can be interpreted in different ways:
The psyche is a definition that is characterized by the concepts of activity, development, self-regulation, communication, adaptation, etc. It is closely related to the whole variety of bodily (somatic) processes. Its appearance is tracked at a certain biological stage of the evolution of the individual. Man has the highest form of the psyche - consciousness. Psychology studies this phenomenon.
Mental health is a prosperous state that allows a person to realize individual potential, solve problems arising from the influence of stress, carry out fruitful and productive work, and also bring something (both positive and negative components of activity) into the life of society - the environment. It is important to know that the semantic content of the term "psyche" is not limited to the criteria of medicine and psychology, but also reflects the social and group list of norms that regulate human life.
The concept of the psyche is closely related to self-consciousness, which is a subjective perception of the objective world around oneself. This is a great form of analysis of all objects around, which, in one way or another, is different from any other person. It is formed with the accumulation and comprehension of experience. Self-consciousness determines for the individual a set of needs that are vital, for example, the need for thought, feeling, motive, experience, action.
The history of science has tried in different ways to define the concept of the psyche in the natural environment of nature. The change of point of view changed in the course of the development of human knowledge.
Panpsychism claims that nature as a whole is animate. Biopsychism believes that this property is characteristic of any living organism, including plants (we exclude cells). Neuropsychological views tell us that only beings with a nervous system have a psyche. Proponents of anthropopsychism believe that this phenomenon is inherent only in man, and animals are "automatons".
More modern hypotheses define the properties of the psyche and its presence in accordance with a set of criteria that depend on the abilities of certain living organisms (for example, search behavior). One of these hypotheses, which has received recognition from many scientists, is the statement of A. N. Leontiev. He suggested that the objective criterion of the psyche is the ability of the body to show a response to the impact of a biologically neutral stimulus. This property is called sensitivity. According to Leontiev, it includes a number of aspects, both subjective and objective.
According to Leontiev, the evolution of mental forms is divided into 3 stages, including:
K. Fabry of the three above-mentioned stages of the psyche, left only the first two. And he “dissolves” the stage of intelligence analysis in the concept of the perceptual psyche.
At the first stage, it is assumed that the animal can only reflect a separate set of properties that are associated with external influences. The second stage reflects the state of the external world in the form of integral images in relation to objects and subjects.
Mind and behavior are terms that are closely interrelated.
Behavior refers to a certain form of interaction with the outside world. It is formed during life and owes much to the "interception" of experience from other subjects. Behavior can change in accordance with the change in the internal and external number of factors that influence the subject. characteristic of the animal level of organization.
Behavior plays an important role in evolutionary development, since it has an adaptive value that allows an animal to avoid any factors that can negatively affect it. This feature is characteristic of unicellular and multicellular living organisms, but in the latter, behavior is regulated by the nervous system.
Human behavior can be observed and analyzed directly. Currently, many disciplines are engaged in this, for example: psychology, ethology, zoopsychology, etc. It is much more difficult to perform such operations with the psyche.
Another important concept related to the psyche is the term "soul".
The soul refers to many different properties of a person. For example, religious and philosophical assumptions define it as an immortal substance or non-material essence, which expresses the divine nature, giving new beginnings to life in the broadest sense. The soul is closely connected with such concepts as thinking, consciousness, feelings, will, the ability to feel, and even life itself. A more rational and objective description of the soul defines it as a specificity and a set of features of the inner, mental world of a person.
The properties of the psyche are the special functions that it performs. Among them, there are several main ones:
The property of the psyche is reflection, as mentioned earlier, its main feature. If we consider specifically reflection, and not the functions arising from it, then we can say that this is the ability to perceive the world, transfer events around to oneself, and also subject certain information to comprehension. This concept underlies the adaptation of a person to the conditions of a new environment or a change in an old one.
The functions of the psyche are a set of tasks performed that reflect the impact of the surrounding reality on the subject. They also regulate the characteristics of behavioral reactions, human activities and awareness of his personal place in the world around.
Reflection of the impact of the environment in which the individual is placed is one of the main functions of the term under study. This task has a number of features, including:
With the help of the psyche, a person creates a general picture of the real world around. This becomes possible due to the collection of information through various senses, for example, sight, hearing, touch. It is also important to take into account the ability of a person to use the resource of imagination.
Another important function of the psyche is the regulation of behavior and its activities. These two components of a living being are mediated precisely by p-coy. The basis for such a statement is that the collection of information, the awareness of motives and needs, as well as the setting of tasks and goals are developed in the course of individual perception.
The psyche is also a feature of a living being, which includes the function of a person's awareness of an individual place in the world. This task allows us to adapt and navigate in objective reality.
The structure of the psyche is a complex system. It includes one more important concept - "mental processes".
They represent a group of special phenomena that can be conditionally distinguished from the integral structure of the psyche. The separation of such component units is a generalized division without any special categorical differences. In other words, it is purely conditional. They appeared due to the existence of influence from mechanistic ideas about the structure of the psyche from the point of view of psychologists and psychiatrists.
Mental phenomena are distinguished by duration and are divided into three groups: n-th processes, states and properties.
Mental processes stand out among all those that they proceed very quickly and are short-lived. This is a certain actual response to what is happening around.
Modern statements of science say that n-th processes, in all their diversity, merging, form the structure of what a person calls the psyche. The division according to psychological processes is hypothetical, therefore, it does not yet have weighty arguments. Today, the world is developing integrative approaches to the psyche. They try to classify all processes into two types: pedagogical and propaedeutic. These two paths should be within the framework of the development of science.
Wecker distinguished 2 levels of organization of mental processes. He associated the first with a number of nervous processes that are organized neural connections. They stand out only sometimes in the consciousness of the individual, since everything happens at the subconscious level, so it is difficult to determine them. The second level is linking subconscious processes with conscious ones, analyzing them and establishing relationships to create a whole picture.
The human psyche interconnects, for example, such processes as memory, attention, thinking, perception. There are many similar abilities of our brain. Among them are: cognitive (sensations, ideas, memory, thinking, perception, attention resources, speech and imagination), emotional (feelings, emotions, stability and perception of stress, affects) and volitional (struggle between motives, goal setting and the ability to make decisions). ).
The structure of the psyche is a rather complex system formed by separate subsystems. The elements of this concept are organized hierarchically and can change frequently. The main property of the psyche is a holistic form and consistency.
The development of this science made it possible to create a certain organization in it, which distinguishes in overall structure concepts such as mental processes, states and properties. Let's take a look at the processes below.
Mental processes occur in the human brain and reflect a dynamically changing "picture" of the phenomenon. They are divided into cognitive (the phenomenon of reflection and transformation of information), regulatory (responsible for the direction and intensity of the temporal organization of behavior) and communicative (provide the phenomenon of communication between subjects, as well as the manifestation and perception of feelings and thoughts).
The levels of the psyche include several basic classification "units": subconsciousness, preconsciousness, consciousness, superconsciousness.
The subconscious is a set of desires, aspirations and ideas that came out of consciousness or were perceived by the psyche in the form of a signal, but could not penetrate into the sphere of perception of consciousness.
Preconsciousness is an intermediate link between the concept of the unconscious and the conscious. It exists in the form of a "stream of consciousness" - a random movement of thoughts, their comprehension, the presence of images and associations. Emotions also represent this level.
Consciousness is a component that includes every higher n-th function (thinking, memory resources, imagination, the ability to imagine, and also will).
The evolutionary development of the human psyche allowed him to create a definition for the highest level of reflection of reality on this planet. This is a materialistic position that characterizes one of the forms of the human mental "beginning". However, the history of psychology shows that the problem of consciousness has been the most difficult and least understood. And even today this question has not been fully studied, and many psychologists are scratching their heads over it.
Among the psychological characteristics of consciousness are:
Superconsciousness is a mental series of formations that a person is able to form in himself by purposeful application of efforts.
Domestic psychology interprets consciousness as the highest form of mental reflection of objective reality. It is also the ability to self-regulate. The tautology: “consciousness in the form in which a person possesses it is available only to him” states that the mental development of a person is an order of magnitude higher in comparison with other animals.
The psyche is a faculty available to the central nervous system. It can only be used by humans and some species of complexly developed animals. With the help of the psyche, we can reflect the world around us and respond to changing conditions in the environment. The difference between consciousness and the psyche lies in the fact that consciousness has a certain higher level, in contrast to the psyche, its forms and structure.
Consciousness is a kind of continuously changing set of images perceived mentally and sensitively in the inner world of the subject. Here there is a synthesis of visual and sound images with impressions and memories, as well as schemes and ideas.
The development of the human psyche begins from childhood.
Each innate reflex of the baby is regulated by a number of nerve centers. The cortex of the hemispheres of the baby is not fully formed, and the nerve fiber is not covered by a protective sheath. This explains the rapid and abrupt excitement of newborns. A feature of the processes occurring at this age is that the speed of their development exceeds the development of control over the body. In other words, vision and hearing are formed much faster. This allows the formation of orienting reflexes and conditioned reflex connections.
Up to four years, the process of formation of the psyche is very active. Therefore, it is necessary to pay the most attention to the baby at this time and approach the issue of education extremely responsibly.
It is important to remember that for the child's psyche the whole world is a game. Therefore, for him, the leading method of learning and personality formation is imitation, which will be adopted from the behavior of adults. It must be realized that the experience intercepted in infancy and early childhood, can take root at the subconscious level in the baby's brain for life. A seven-year-old child already has a pronounced temperament. At this age, it is important to give him the opportunity to spend time with his peers. It is also necessary to determine the child's inclinations in order to determine the scope of activity that would allow him to achieve success due to his own individuality and inclinations.
A mental disorder is a problem that affects all levels of its structure (consciousness, subconscious, preconscious and superconscious). In a broad sense, this is a state that differs from "normal". There are more comprehensive definitions that are used in specific areas of human activity (jurisprudence, psychiatry and psychology). Mental disorders are not negative personality traits.
The opposite state of the disorder is mental health. Subjects who are able to adapt to living conditions and solve various problems, as a rule, are healthy. The presence of difficulties in such areas of life as establishing relationships with people, resolving family or work issues may indicate one or another mental disorder.
A disease of this nature leads to a change and disruption of the processes of sensation of feelings, thinking and behavioral reactions. There is also an opinion that mental problems cause certain somatic dysfunctions of the body. It is possible to create medical and psychological means of eliminating mental problems only with the close assistance of such fields of activity as medicine and psychology. We must also not forget about the importance of considering the object of psychology - the psyche - from different points of view.
Mental processes are disturbed in every fourth or fifth person on the planet. WHO has this data. The cause of the presence of behavioral or mental disorders can be various phenomena. The origin of the disease itself is not clear. Psychologists have created many ways to deal with them and define them. If the subject has certain symptoms, he needs to contact specialists.
Currently, there is an active criticism of the identification of the concepts of mental disorder and illness. This is due to the presence in psychiatry of a complex set of criteria for determining the nature of the disease (biological - bodily pathology, medical - the quality of the living conditions and threats to life, social - problems in the social sphere of functioning). The most common suggestion is that a mental disorder is due to a problem in the bodily functioning of a part of the brain. Based on this, experts at the tenth revision of the International Classification of Diseases approved that instead of 2 terms (“n-th disease” and “n-th disease”), the concept of “mental disorder” can be used.
The state of the psyche (psychiatric and mental disorders, as well as those treated by psychiatrists) is often singled out as a convention that bears a conventional, non-medical type of description of a person. For example, some types of disorders are only figuratively related to pathological practice. Such reactions, which are atypical for everyday life, become pathologies. However, they can turn out to be saving and manifest themselves in certain extreme situations.
Forms of the psyche can be distinguished among themselves by the type of disorder. From this point of view, they are classified:
Such features of the psyche as its disorders make it possible to divide them into various structural units that form a single and whole department of science. It is described in the fifth section of the tenth revision of the international classifier of diseases and was developed by WHO (it was adopted in the Russian Federation in 1997). The provisions of the section distinguish:
Various diseases have a number of descriptive characteristics that distinguish certain phenomena into specific groups. For example, schizophrenia is characterized by the breakdown of thought and emotional processes. Such disorders are characterized by the fact that they allow the consciousness of the subject to perceive something "atypical" for the majority as the norm. This applies primarily to dangerous manifestations of aggression and cruelty. Schizophrenia often includes auditory or visual hallucinations. Mild forms of such a disease are inherent in a fairly large part of the world's population, but in this form they are practically impossible to detect without proper knowledge. However, people with mild schizophrenia are often creative and have some distinctive traits.
Psychology is a modern and multifaceted science. Translated from ancient Greek, “psychology” is the science of the soul, and, therefore, its subject is the “soul”, or psyche. But what is the psyche and psychic phenomena? There are different points of view on such a complex and multifaceted phenomenon as the "psyche" or "soul". Most of them refer to either an idealistic or a materialistic interpretation. In domestic psychological science, when studying mental phenomena, as a rule, they proceed from the standpoint of dialectical materialism.
Psyche - this is a property of highly organized living matter, which consists in the active reflection of the objective world by the subject, in the construction by the subject of a picture of this world inalienable from him and in the regulation of behavior and activity on this basis.
From this definition follows a number of fundamental judgments about the nature and mechanisms of manifestation of the psyche. First of all, the psyche is a property of only living matter. And not just living matter, but highly organized living matter. Consequently, not every living matter has this property, but only that which has specific organs that determine the possibility of the existence of the psyche. Secondly, the main feature of the psyche is the ability to reflect the objective world. What does this mean? Literally, this means the following: highly organized living matter, which has a psyche, has the ability to obtain information about the world around it. At the same time, the receipt of information is associated with the creation of this highly organized matter of a certain mental, i.e., subjective in nature and idealistic (non-material) in essence, image, which, with a certain measure of accuracy, is a copy of the material objects of the real world. Thirdly, the information received by a living being about the surrounding world serves as the basis for regulating the internal environment of a living organism and shaping its behavior, which generally determines the possibility of a relatively long existence of this organism in constantly changing environmental conditions. Consequently, living matter, which has a psyche, is able to respond to changes in the external environment or to the effects of environmental objects.
It must be emphasized that there is a very significant number of forms of living matter that have certain mental abilities. These forms of living matter differ from each other in terms of the level of development of mental properties. What are these differences?
The elementary ability to respond selectively to the influence of the external environment is already observed in the simplest forms of living matter. So, the amoeba, which is just one living cell filled with protoplasm, moves away from some stimuli and approaches others. At its core, amoeba movements are the initial form of adaptation of the simplest organisms to the external environment. Such an adaptation is possible due to the existence of a certain property that distinguishes living matter from non-living matter. This property is irritability . Outwardly, it is expressed in the manifestation of the forced activity of a living organism. The higher the level of development of the organism, the more complex the manifestation of its activity in the event of a change in environmental conditions. Primary forms of irritability are found even in plants, for example, the so-called "tropism" - forced movement.
As a rule, living organisms of this level react only to direct influences, such as mechanical touches that threaten the integrity of the organism, or to biotic stimuli. For example, plants react to light, the content of trace elements in the soil, etc.
The further development of irritability in living beings is largely associated with the complication of the living conditions of more developed organisms, which, accordingly, have a more complex anatomical structure. Living organisms of a given level of development are forced to respond to a more complex set of environmental factors. The combination of these internal and external conditions predetermines the occurrence in living organisms of more complex forms of response, called sensitivity .
A distinctive feature of sensitivity in comparison with irritability is that with the appearance of sensations, living organisms get the opportunity to respond not only to biologically significant environmental factors, but also to biologically neutral ones, although for the simplest representatives of this level of development, such as worms, molluscs, arthropods, leading are still biologically significant environmental factors. However, in this case, the nature of the response of animals with sensitivity to environmental factors is fundamentally different from the response of living organisms of a lower level. Thus, the presence of sensitivity allows the animal to respond to an object that makes sense to him before direct contact with him. For example, an animal of a given level of development of the psyche can react to the color of an object, its paws or shape, etc. Later, in the process of development of organic matter in living beings, one of the main properties of the psyche is gradually formed - the ability to advance and holistic reflection of the real world. This means that in the process of evolution, animals with a more highly developed psyche are able to receive information about the world around them, analyze it and respond to the possible impact of any surrounding objects, both biologically significant and biologically neutral.
In itself, the appearance in a certain class of animals of sensitivity, or the ability to sense, can be considered not only as the birth of the psyche, but also as the appearance of a fundamentally new type of adaptation to the external environment. The main difference of this type of adaptation is the appearance of special processes that connect the animal with the environment - the processes of behavior.
Behavior – it is a complex set of reactions of a living organism to environmental influences. It must be emphasized that living beings, depending on the level mental development, have behavior of varying complexity. We can see the simplest behavioral responses by observing, for example, how a worm changes its direction of movement when it encounters an obstacle. At the same time, the higher the level of development of a living being, the more complex its behavior. For example, in dogs we are already seeing manifestations of anticipatory reflection. So, the dog avoids meeting with an object that contains a certain threat. However, the most complex behavior is observed in humans, who, unlike animals, have not only the ability to respond to sudden changes in environmental conditions, but also the ability to form motivated (conscious) and purposeful behavior. The possibility of implementing such a complex behavior is due to the presence of consciousness in a person.
Consciousness – highest level mental reflection and regulation, inherent only to man as a socio-historical being.
From a practical point of view, consciousness acts as a continuously changing set of sensory and mental images that directly appear before the subject in his inner world and anticipate his practical activity. We have the right to assume that similar mental activity in the formation of mental images occurs in the most developed animals, such as dogs, horses, dolphins. Therefore, a person is distinguished from animals not by this activity itself, but by the mechanisms of its flow, which originated in the process of human social development. These mechanisms and features of their operation determine the presence in a person of such a phenomenon as consciousness.
As a result of the action of these mechanisms, a person distinguishes himself from the environment and is aware of his individuality, forms his own "I-concept", which consists in the totality of a person's ideas about himself, about the surrounding reality and his place in society. Thanks to consciousness, a person has the ability to independently, that is, without the influence of environmental stimuli, regulate his behavior. In turn, the "I-concept" is the core of his system of self-regulation.
So we can highlight four main levels of development of the psyche of living organisms :
1. irritability,
2. sensitivity (feelings),
3. behavior of higher animals (externally conditioned behavior),
4. human consciousness (self-determined behavior).
It should be noted that each of these levels has its own stages of development.
Only man possesses the highest level of development of the psyche. But a person is not born with a developed consciousness. The formation and evolution of consciousness occur in the process of physiological and social development of a particular individual (ontogenesis). Therefore, the process of formation of consciousness is strictly individual, due to both the peculiarities of social development and genetic predisposition.
Psyche and its development.
1. Brain and psyche.
2. The concept of "psyche", its functions and meaning.
3. The difference between the psyche of humans and animals.
1. The reflex activity of the brain, the physiological processes occurring in the cerebral cortex, in other words, the higher nervous activity, are the material basis of the search. Therefore, the laws of higher nervous activity, discovered I. P. Pavlov, are of paramount importance for psychology.
The main form of interaction of the organism with the environment is a reflex - the response of the organism to irritation. This action is carried out with the help of the central nervous system.
In the reflex mechanism, it is customary to distinguish three parts: sentient, central and motor.
Excitation is transmitted along the sensory nerve to the center (brain), where it switches to the motor nerve and goes through it to the working organ. There is a response to irritation. These three parts of the reflex mechanism are collectively called reflex arc.
According to recent studies by physiologists, it has been established that the structure of a complex reflex has not three, but four parts. This last part controls and corrects (specifies, corrects) the flow of the third part - the motor part.
How does this happen? It turns out that as soon as the nerve signal along the motor - centrifugal - nerve reaches the working organ (muscle or gland), the latter, in turn, sends a return signal to the center - the brain. The incoming return signal informs the brain about the nature of the changes that have currently occurred in the body, i.e. informs the brain to what extent - correctly or incorrectly - the working body carried out the command received from the center. As soon as the brain detects a deviation from the given program, if the response action is unsuccessful, it immediately sends a signal about the appropriate adjustment of the action and directs the body's activity along the previously planned path. This fourth link of the reflex act is called feedback.
Due to the presence of feedback, self-regulation, self-control of the body in the process of proper adaptation to environment. Without this, we would never be able to learn to walk, write, use a knife and fork, dress, perform various kinds of professional movements, master sports skills. Reflexes by origin are of two types: congenital and acquired or, according to Ya. P. Pavlova, unconditional and conditional.
Unconditioned reflexes are a function mainly of our parts of the central nervous system, which are located under the cortex. Conditioned reflexes are a function of the higher part of the brain - the cerebral cortex.
The unconditioned reflex is performed automatically and does not require any prior training. It was acquired by a given individual of an animal in the course of all previous historical development and is inherited. A conditioned reflex requires certain conditions to occur.
The coordination of the functions of the cerebral cortex is carried out due to the interaction of two main processes - excitation and inhibition. By the nature of their activity, they are opposite to each other. Distinguish between external and internal inhibition.
External inhibition is the result of the action of some external strong extraneous stimulus (protective inhibition).
Internal inhibition is a manifestation of the internal laws of the cortex.
The processes of excitation and inhibition are closely related and interact with each other. This interaction obeys two basic laws: irradiation and concentration and the law of induction.
Irradiation and concentration consists in the spread of excitation throughout the cortex (irradiation of excitation). The limitation and direction of the process of excitation in the cortex by the process of inhibition is called the concentration of excitation. The law of induction implies that the nervous process causes the opposite process in neighboring areas, for example, excitation causes inhibition (negative induction). Inhibition causes excitation (positive induction).
Discrimination of signals entering the cortex from the outside world is associated with the operation of signaling systems. The signals of the surrounding world are the first signal system, both in humans and animals.
The second signaling system is a product of human social life, inherent only in humans. The signal is a word, a phrase.
2. Traditionally define the concept psyche- as the properties of living highly organized matter, which consists in the ability to reflect the surrounding objective world with its states in its connections and relations.
Etymologically, the word "psyche" (in Greek "soul") has a dual meaning. One value carries the semantic load of the essence of any thing.
Psyche- this is the essence, where the externality and diversity of nature gathers to its unity, it is a virtual compression of nature, it is a reflection of the objective world in its connections and relations.
Psyche(from the Greek psychikos - spiritual) - a form of active display by the subject of objective reality, arising in the process of interaction of highly organized living beings with the outside world and performing a regulatory function in their behavior and activity.
The human psyche is a very complex system consisting of separate subsystems, its elements are hierarchically organized and very changeable. The main property of the psyche is its consistency, integrity and indivisibility.
The psyche as a system has a certain organization. It distinguishes mental processes, mental properties and mental states.
mental processes- these are processes that occur in the human head and are reflected in dynamically changing mental phenomena. They are divided into cognitive, regulatory and communicative processes.
Cognitive mental processes provide a reflection of the world and the transformation of information. They include sensory-perceptual processes ( and ), memory processes and , the thinking process.
Processes of mental regulation provide direction, intensity and temporal organization of behavior. These include the processes of motivation, goal-setting, decision-making, control processes, emotional and volitional processes.
The process that connects the cognitive and psycho-regulatory spheres of the psyche is attention, which ensures the selectivity of reflection, memorization and processing of information.
Communication processes provide communication between people, expression and understanding of thoughts and feelings. They are presented in speech and non-verbal communication - the transfer of information using facial expressions, postures, gestures, gaze, intonation, volume and pitch of voice, communication distance, etc.
Mental properties- individual psychological characteristics that determine the constant ways of human interaction with the world.
Like any system, the human psyche has mental properties that have an individual measure of severity. These properties are relatively unchanged over time, although they can change in the course of life under the influence of external influences, experience of activity and biological factors.
Mental properties include temperament, character, personality abilities.
- an internal integral characteristic of the individual psyche, relatively unchanged over time. The following main characteristics of mental states are distinguished:
All forms of mental phenomena are interconnected and pass one into another. For example, such a complex mental process as thinking, depending on the object and conditions, can cause a state of fatigue and passivity or excitement and activity. If a person in the course of his activity (for example, a student) has to systematically study new material and solve problems, then various mental states associated with the process of thinking are generalized and become a stable mental property of his personality, expressed in mental abilities. A person with developed thinking can mobilize attention, activate memory, and overcome fatigue.
In all forms of mental phenomena, the mind, feelings and will of a person, together with his needs, act in an inseparable unity. Even in such a relatively simple mental process as sensation, there may be awareness and evaluation of an object that affects the corresponding organ, an experience caused by irritation, and regulation of practical actions. Even more obvious is the unity of the human psyche in more complex forms of its manifestation.
Mental processes, states and properties form the main conceptual "framework" on which the building of modern psychology is built.
Far from all the processes occurring in the human psyche are realized by him, in addition to consciousness, a person also has an unconscious. In the structure of the human psyche with point of view of awareness of mental phenomena distinguish the unconscious, subconscious, preconscious, consciousness and superconsciousness (Fig. 1).
The initial level of the psyche is . The unconscious is represented in the form of the individual unconscious and the collective unconscious. Individual unconscious connected mainly with instincts, which include the instincts of self-preservation, reproduction, territorial, etc. Concept collective unconscious was developed in the 30s and 40s. 20th century Swiss psychologist K.G. Jung, who in his work “The Structure of the Soul” and in a number of others argued that in the depths of the human soul lives the memory of the history of the entire human race, that in a person, in addition to personal properties inherited from parents, the properties of his distant ancestors also live. The collective unconscious, in contrast to the individual (personal unconscious), is identical in all people and forms the universal basis of the mental life of each person, the deepest level of the psyche. Jung figuratively compares the collective unconscious with the sea, which is, as it were, the premise of every wave. So the collective unconscious is a prerequisite for each individual psyche. Between an individual and other people, processes of "psychic penetration" are constantly taking place.
Rice. 1. The structure of the human psyche
The collective unconscious expresses itself in archetypes - ancient psychic prototypes directly embodied in myths.
To subconscious include those ideas, desires, aspirations that left consciousness or were perceived by the psyche in the form of signals, but were not allowed into the sphere of consciousness.
Images of the subconscious can be actualized. For example, a person can completely involuntarily recall some of his sensations, feelings, thoughts, seemingly long forgotten.
preconscious represents an intermediate mental state between the unconscious and consciousness, existing in the form of a "stream of consciousness" - a spontaneous flow of thoughts, images and associations. The level of preconsciousness is also represented by emotions, which are characterized by great diversity.
As a component of the psyche, it includes such higher mental functions as representation, thinking, will, memory, and imagination.
To superconsciousness include mental formations that a person is able to form in himself as a result of purposeful efforts. These superpowers of the psyche can manifest themselves, for example, in the conscious regulation of somatic states (walking on hot coals, slowing the heartbeat, etc.).
The allocation of levels in the structure of the psyche is associated with its complexity. The unconscious is a deeper level of the psyche compared to the subconscious, etc. In the psyche of a particular person, there are no rigid boundaries between different levels. The psyche functions as a whole.
Consciousness is the highest level of reflection by a person of reality, as a result of which knowledge and transformation of the surrounding world is achieved, if the psyche is considered from materialistic positions, and actually human form the mental beginning of being, if the psyche is interpreted from an idealistic position.
In the history of psychology, the problem of consciousness is the most difficult and least developed.
Regardless of what worldview positions the researchers of consciousness adhered to, the so-called reflective ability, i.e. the readiness of consciousness to cognize other mental phenomena and itself. The presence of such an ability in a person is the basis for the existence and development of psychology, because without it, mental phenomena would be closed to knowledge. Without reflection, a person could not have an idea that he has a psyche.
The psychological characteristics of consciousness include:
Consciousness is tight associated with volitional control on the part of a person of his own states of mind and behavior. Consciousness differs from the unconscious in that a person arbitrarily, i.e. with the help of an effort of will, consciously focuses his attention on a mental representation, some idea, memory, a certain flow of thoughts, is distracted from what is insignificant at the moment.
Consciousness associated with speech and without it in its higher forms does not exist. Awareness of something is possible only if it is verbally and conceptually meaningful, endowed with a certain meaning associated with human culture. Word-concepts contain indications of the general and distinctive properties of the class of objects reflected in the mind. Consciousness reflects not everything and not random, but only the main, main, essential characteristics of objects and phenomena, i.e. what is inherent in them and distinguishes them from other objects and phenomena that look like them.
The most important characteristic of consciousness is its communication ability, those. transferring to other people what this person is aware of using language and other sign systems.
Consciousness is structured and includes several layers. In the works of the leading Russian psychologist V.P. Zinchenko distinguished two levels of consciousness: existential and reflexive.
First starting level existential consciousness(consciousness for being), or existential, - includes:
At the existential level of consciousness, very complex tasks are solved, since for effective behavior it is necessary to actualize the image that is needed at the moment and the necessary program of movements. The mode of action must fit into the image of the world, which provides the existential layer of consciousness (Fig. 2).
Second level of consciousness reflective(consciousness for consciousness) - includes:
Meaning - the content of social consciousness assimilated by man.
Meaning - subjective understanding by a person of a situation, information and attitude towards them.
Meaning and meaning are interrelated: meaning indicates the significance of an object or phenomenon for a person. There are processes of mutual transformation of meanings and meanings (comprehension of meanings and meaning of meanings).
Rice. 2. Structure of consciousness
Let's consider this scheme from the point of view of integrity of consciousness.
The world of object-practical activity correlates with the biodynamic fabric of movement and action of the existential level of consciousness.
The world of ideas, imaginations, cultural symbols and signs correlates with the sensual fabric of the existential layer of consciousness.
The world of ideas, concepts, worldly and scientific knowledge correlates with the meanings of the reflective level of consciousness.
The world of human values, experiences, emotions correlates with the meanings of the reflective level of consciousness.
Consciousness manifests itself and is present in all these worlds. It controls the most complex forms of behavior that require constant attention and conscious control from a person, and is included in the action when:
Situations of this kind arise in front of people almost continuously, therefore consciousness as the highest level of mental regulation of behavior is constantly functioning.
In recent works, V.P. Zinchenko, along with other psychologists, recognizes the limitations of any model of consciousness in which its spiritual layer is not represented: “In my early works on the structure of consciousness, I developed a two-layer model. Now I am convinced of its insufficiency. The spiritual layer of consciousness in human life plays no less a role than the existential and reflective layers. The presence of a spiritual layer for psychologists is now becoming obvious. Moreover, the spiritual layer in the structure of the whole consciousness should play a leading role, animate and inspire existential and reflective layers. However, within the framework of a materialistically oriented psychology, there are no concepts for expressing the spiritual components of consciousness. In modern scientific psychology, in contrast to Christian psychology, there is still too little experience in discussing the problems of consciousness on the basis of a three-layer model, and considerable conceptual work is required in order to “fit” the spiritual layer into the structure of consciousness without contradictions.
Great experience in understanding the spiritual layer of consciousness has been accumulated in Christian psychology, which explains the mental life of a person not only from the point of view of its functioning, but also the direction of a person's life path towards higher spiritual values. The inner life of a person is described using the concepts of soul and spirit. The classic work that reveals the relationship between the mental and spiritual life of a person is the work of V.F. Voyno-Yasenetsky, archbishop and neurosurgeon. Modern psychologists point to the need for scientific psychology to master the basic ideas outlined by V.F. Voyno-Yasenetsky in the essay "Spirit, Soul and Body".
In this work, Voino-Yasenetsky notes that Christian psychology accepts the scientific presentation of mental activity as a colossally complex nervous activity, but does not consider it exhaustive.
The states and acts of consciousness in a person are determined not only by the influence of the external and internal environment, but also influence of higher spiritual reality - God.
According to V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky, states and acts of consciousness, such as thinking, will, feelings, passions, love and others, are caused by:
Acts of consciousness are interrelated, thought is always accompanied by feeling, feeling and will are always accompanied by thought, acts of will are associated with thought and feeling, and so on. These states of consciousness are constantly changing, because the acts of consciousness are in constant motion. The volume of consciousness is determined by the variety and depth of acts and states of consciousness. The volume of consciousness is also constantly changing upward or, in the case of pathology, downward. The spiritual side always participates in acts and states of consciousness, defining and directing them. In turn, the spirit grows and changes from the activity of consciousness, from its individual acts and states.
The fullness of mental life is indicated in Christian psychology by the concept souls.
The soul is a complex of organic and sensual perceptions, thoughts, memory, emotions and volitional acts united by self-consciousness.
The activity of the soul involves the spirit, which has as its source the gifts of the Holy Spirit, which manifests itself in the highest properties of spirituality - religiosity, moral sense, philosophical and scientific thinking, subtle artistic and musical susceptibility.
The life of the spirit is inseparably and most intimately connected with the life of the body. The spiritual essence of a person is expressed in all his appearance. V.F. Voyno-Yasenetsky draws attention to the fact that not only the eyes are the mirror of the soul, but also all forms of the human body and its movements correspond to the soul, spirit. The spirit is rough and cruel, inherited, already in the process of embryogenesis directs the development of somatic elements and creates gross forms reflecting it. The pure spirit creates the corresponding bodily forms. The formative influence of the spirit creates the subtlest difference between somatically similar faces: although they are similar, one face looks vulgar, while the other looks thin and beautiful.
The spirit and soul of a person are inseparably connected during life into a single entity: the manifestation of the spirit is associated with all neuropsychic activity.
All our thoughts, feelings, volitional acts are imprinted in the spirit - everything that happens in our consciousness as a reflection of the external and inner peace. Spiritual imprints are something different from the traces and imprints in nerve cells with which physiologists and psychologists explain memory.
In Christian psychology, the human spirit is regarded as a more important and powerful substratum of memory than the brain. For the manifestation of the spirit, there are no norms of time, no sequence and causal connection are needed, no reproduction of the events experienced in the memory, which are necessary for the functions of the brain: “The spirit immediately embraces everything and instantly reproduces everything in integrity.” The spirit can work without consciousness being aware of its work: very complex intellectual operations pass by the consciousness, on the surface of which the finished result is given. The whole world unknown ideas contained within us.
The elements of a person's mental activity, his feelings and thought processes, inextricably linked with the activity of the brain, organic and sensory perceptions that make up the elements of self-perception and self-perception, are mortal. But those elements of self-consciousness that are connected with the life of the spirit are immortal. The spirit of man is free, the spirit breathes where it wants, and its lower sensual soul is subject to the laws of causality.
Students, graduate students, young scientists who use the knowledge base in their studies and work will be very grateful to you.
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Introduction
1. The essence of the human psyche
1.1 The concept of the psyche
1.2 Features of the psyche
Conclusion
Bibliography
Introduction
Man as a product of nature and society is a complex and multifaceted phenomenon. With regard to the topic under discussion, a person interests us as component a control system that is capable of making decisions and developing control actions, as well as executing them.
The state and behavior of a person is always determined by his thoughts and feelings, reflecting reality, and the will that directs his behavior. The science of mental reflection of reality in human activity and behavior is called psychology.
The psyche (Greek "spiritual") is the property of the human brain (highly organized matter) to reflect reality. This is something intangible, but inherent in man (soul). The inner world of man, his consciousness. This is a set of mental phenomena and processes. A specific product of human activity in its interaction with the environment.
Feelings, ideas, thoughts of an individual create in him subjective images and models of the external world, which, being transformed in the brain, pass into various forms activities and behaviour. A person, studying the functions of the brain and his psyche, thereby cognizes the mechanisms of his own activity, cognizes himself.
The mental life of a person, his inner world cannot be understood regardless of his activity. Conversely, a person always expresses an attitude towards what he knows or does. The state of a person's psyche (confidence, cheerfulness, hope, or, conversely, anxiety, irritation, worries) have a strong influence on his behavior and on the results of his work.
The purpose of the work is to consider the features of the human psyche and behavior.
1. The essence of the human psyche
1.1 The concept of the psyche
The psyche is a general concept that unites many subjective phenomena studied by psychology as a science. In accordance with the idealistic understanding of the psyche, there are two principles in the world: material and ideal. They are independent, eternal, not reducible and not derivable from each other. Interacting in development, they nevertheless develop according to their own laws.
A normal, healthy human psyche should be distinguished by:
1) The necessary set of receptors, coupled with the mechanism of adequate reception of all stimulus signals coming from the bio- and infosphere, while the breadth and depth of the sources of irritation should cover at least half of the macro- and microcosmic spheres. The process should figuratively resemble the reports of special correspondents from the scene.
2) Balanced reflectivity, including the average sufficient strength of the reactions of both excitation and, if necessary, and inhibition of the corresponding RAD. At the same time, the evaluative-analytical processing of information coming from the reception system through the relationship with consciousness should be clearly carried out, thus ensuring the breadth and direction of reflectivity towards rationality, noosphericity.
3) The presence of all four signal subsystems, the development of which and the relationship with consciousness would be confirmed by everyday practice of judgments, decisions made, actions taken, lifestyle and behaviors.
The resulting parameters of the individual psyche of each person depend, as we have already said, on the organization of the neuropil of the cerebral cortex and are reflected in the indicated ordinates, reflecting the degree of adequacy of reflectivity and the infospheric orientation of the psyche, more precisely:
Reflectivity - from complete non-perception to ultra-high excitability.
The state of the signal subsystems - from the presence of only the first to the possession of a complete set of all four.
Infospheric orientation - noospheric direction, non-gaspheric influence, mixed.
Any deviations from the designated area characterize one or another degree of its underdevelopment or distortion. In other words, a human psyche that is extremely reflective should be considered normal for the present time, while a person is able to restrain his emotions, if necessary, under any circumstances. In addition, his psyche must have the ability to adequately respond to stimuli of all four signal subsystems in a wide range of macro- and microcosmic spheres, functioning in a noospheric orientation mode, reflecting the influence of non-gaspheric phenomena.
What methods of assessing the parameters of the psyche (one's own, someone else's) are currently known? A psychiatrist using his hammer with a banal blow to the knee can only determine the degree of reflectivity of some AFCs of the 1st signal subsystem. Nothing more. Even how a person reacts to the beautiful or the ugly, the psychiatrist is not able to find out right away. The functional centers of other signal subsystems can be reliably assessed only in the course of long-term observations of a person's behavior in life, which is difficult for specialists outside the walls of the clinic to do. Other methods of checks and tests, including interviews, are not yet effective.
Therefore, it should be borne in mind that the normal operation of the functional centers of the second signal subsystem, for example, is expressed in obedience, discipline, reasonable subordination of the individual. The balancing of these centers and the filling of the content of the corresponding RAD is carried out in the process of educating a person, and the imbalance or lack of the required RAD manifests itself with a lack of education or its complete absence.
Mental abnormality of a person entails a wide range of mental disorders - from mild short-term behavioral deviations (neurosis and other so-called borderline conditions) to severe long-term diseases associated with deep significant disorders and functional changes in psychoneurotic activity, accompanied by a violation of the reflection of reality and behavior ( psychosis, areflexia, etc.).
These deviations affect, first of all, the adequacy of the individual's reflectivity to certain events and phenomena of life, which in one way or another is reflected in the character and manner of his behavior (disturbances of calmness, balance, foresight, prudence, reasonableness, etc.), and also as a result on all parameters of his mentality.
The summative effects of individual psyches are ultimately reflected in the indicators of the social psyche, the mental climate, the atmosphere of a given society, and the breadth of the macrocosmic spheres of its reflectivity.
The results of these summative phenomena give us the normal mental state of a given society, society: either public calm, accompanied by its harmonious development, or public unrest, public psychosis up to hysteria, often accompanied by some kind of public cataclysms (up to revolutions), public euphoria, public apathy, panic in society, etc.
1.2 Features of the psyche
The psyche is the main, basic, historically earliest component of the mentality. The rest (algorithmic module, intellect and consciousness) were formed later in the process of human evolutionary development. The psyche should be understood as a kind of reflection of the organism, i.e., its ability to various reflexes, more precisely, the manifestation of its reactionary abilities to stimuli of both the inner and outer worlds of a person. Being the most important, if not the main sign of Life in general and an indicator of the development of any organism, the psyche itself has a phylogenetic period of development, historically comparable in time only with the duration of Life itself from the moment of its origin on planet Earth, and continues its improvement to this day. Let us dwell on the features of the development of the psyche from a philosophical, strictly scientific point of view in more detail.
About the psyche at present, we can say that this is the most studied part of the human mentality (see the mass of literature on psychiatry and psychology). But, first of all, I would like to give a description of the essence of mental processes, made by V.M. Bekhterev: “Another feature of the functional activity of the cerebral cortex, already identified during the initial studies in relation to the brain centers, is the mutual change of the phenomena of excitation and inhibition, which we encounter with the repeated resumption of stimuli that cause combination reflexes, because each combination reflex, upon its repeated renewal gradually fades away or is inhibited, and, on the other hand, the inhibited reflex after the cessation of stimuli is again disinhibited after one time or another. Regardless of such internal inhibition and internal disinhibition, we also have the process of external inhibition, which occurs under the influence of some third-party external stimulus during the period of manifestation of the reflex, just as we have external disinhibition, carried out under the influence of external stimulus produced during the period of inhibition of the reflex.
Thus, it is a matter of substituting one process for another, and this proves that there is no opposition between the two processes, because these two processes, being active, are in a functional relationship. This relationship of both processes is revealed not only in time in the form of a change from one to the other, but also in space, because under normal conditions, the excitation of one brain function is accompanied by the inhibition of other functions and vice versa (the so-called Sherrington induction "a). But this is not enough. We meet here even with a special relationship between both processes, because in the case of a particularly strong excitation of one of the functions, not only all other areas of the cerebral cortex are inhibited, but it also attracts impulses from other parts of the cortex.In this case, any third-party irritation does not cause the usual local reflexes , and further enhances the degree of excitation of the active center.
Thus, these processes of generalization of the reflex and its successive differentiation seem to be closely related to each other, being an expression of the same process of excitation and inhibition in different phases of its development.
From the foregoing, it is clear that the action of stimuli does not seem to be the same, for the same stimulus under certain conditions can excite the combination reflex or disinhibit a temporarily extinguished combination reflex, under other conditions it can act in an inhibitory way on the educated combination reflex. In other words, not a single stimulus has an absolute significance in relation to the nature of the influence, but only a relative one, because its action is determined not at all by its properties, but by its relationship with the state of the apparatus on which this action falls. This is what I designate as the law of relativity in the activity of the centres.
Further, in associative reflexes, a very important process substitution, which consists in the fact that the stimulus that previously acted in the sense of causing a differentiated associative reflex can be replaced by another stimulus capable of causing such a differentiated associative reflex.
So, according to most definitions, the psyche, first of all, means the ability of the central nervous system of the human brain to interact with its environment, the biosphere and the infosphere, i.e., to maintain its body in the mode of active functioning and the ability to adequately respond to phenomena and events taking place around, in the interests of the given organism itself, in the interests and for the benefit of the society of which it is a member, in the interests of the environment itself, as its habitat. Elemental aspects of the psyche: sensations, perceptions, feelings, will, mental analysis, adequate speech or motor reaction in the form of excitation or inhibition. The psyche is in unity with somatic (bodily) processes and is characterized by activity-passivity, integrity, correlation, self-regulation, communication, adaptation, etc.
The psyche is not a function of the body with initially set parameters. It, like other components of the mentality, appeared at a certain stage of the biological evolution of organic forms of matter and is in the process of constant and increasing improvement. Its elemental base is a spectrum of reflex and reflex-algorithmic arcs common to the entire human mentality, as well as analytical-initiatory-associative functions of centers in all their combinations and relationships.
Let's not go too deep into the initial period of the birth of the psyche, i.e. describe its signs in protozoa - amoebae, shoes, bacteria, etc. Let us omit this period, only noting that these signs existed and exist, as their liveliness obviously exists, in general, characterized precisely by the reaction of the organization of their organisms to changing environmental factors. The proof that their reflectivity is adequate to these changes is the very fact of the existence of modern representatives of protozoa (bacteria, viruses, microbes, fungal spores, etc.) until now. At the same time, to understand the nature of the psyche, it is still necessary to know how it originated, developed, and still functions in organisms of the first generation, i.e., among representatives of the plant world.
As is known, one very important feature of the structure of plant stems in the course of their evolution was the inclusion in the structure of their organisms of a signaling subsystem, which has its branches in almost all organs of the plant. However, the main communication channels pass through the stems. Through these channels, the body's internal information flows from one subsystem to another, thus coordinating in time the onset and termination of certain reactions programmed by the algorithms of the corresponding functional cells. The same signals serve to make corrections to the indicated algorithms.
It should be noted that the very concept of an organism includes the presence of a conditionally integral biological system with the obligatory presence of a signal subsystem. It is thanks to the signaling subsystem that a certain accumulation of organic cells is combined into a system of a single organism. In the simplest organisms of plants, the signal subsystem arose at first also in a rather rudimentary state, developing over time into the primitive first signal subsystem, which at the same time laid the foundation for the emergence of spirituality in the body.
2. Individual characteristics of behavior
A person lives and acts, performing certain actions. His activities and communication with other people are united by a single concept of "behavior". In the behavior, in the actions and deeds of a person, his main socio-psychological properties are manifested.
Human behavior, his actions and actions depend on:
biological and psychological characteristics his body;
conditions of life and from various influences on it, from how a person's interaction with the world of material and spiritual culture, as well as with people around him, is organized.
To correctly explain human behavior, it is necessary:
know their mental life;
understand the interaction of the environment and consciousness;
be able to observe the external manifestations of the human psyche;
be able to interpret them correctly.
It is these knowledge and skills that form the basis of the socio-psychological qualities of a leader.
There are two types of orientation of human behavior:
reactive;
active.
Reactive behavior is basically a reaction to various internal and external stimuli.
Active behavior is associated with a person's ability to consciously choose goals and forms of behavior to achieve the chosen goals.
To control human behavior, adequate means of navigation are needed: ideas, faith, methods, etc. It is impossible to control the behavior of people without knowing and not taking into account their mental characteristics.
For a long time in psychological science, the personality as a separate phenomenon was taken as the basis of theoretical analysis. Relationships with personality were implied, but were not the subject of a specific study. But man is a product of nature and society. Throughout his life, he is exposed to a vast set of social factors, which are defined as the social environment. Therefore, the psychology and behavior of an individual cannot be understood without connections (relationships) with other people.
On the one hand, people act, being endowed with consciousness and will. For them, any social phenomenon has its own "psychological aspect", since social patterns are manifested only through other people.
On the other hand, in joint activities people have certain types of connections (relationships) between them. These relationships have a great influence on the psychology of people and are manifested in their actions, actions and behavior. Without analyzing the relationship of a person with other people, it is impossible to understand the behavior of an individual person.
The science of society as an integral system and its individual processes and social groups is called sociology (lat. "society, -logy"). Sociologists have identified a number of values that any normal person aspires to.
These common needs and interests are:
material living conditions; interesting job;
social stability.
These common needs and interests must be known and met! But how?
The manifold and complex characteristics of man can only be explored through the combined efforts of psychology and sociology. The branch of psychology that studies the laws of behavior and activities of people, due to the fact of their belonging to social groups, is called social psychology.
The decisive role in the development of the human psyche belongs to labor - the most characteristic way for a person to interact with the environment. Man, like animals, adapts himself to the environment. But unlike them, he subjugates external environment, that is, it carries out a purposeful, conscious transformation of the natural, industrial and social environment. It is this ability of a person that determines the main feature of his behavior - the ability to predict events, plan actions and strive to achieve certain goals.
There are two real and functionally interrelated aspects in human behavior:
1. Incentive, which provides (stimulates) the direction and activity of behavior. Stimulation of behavior is associated with the concept of motivation, which includes the idea of interests, needs, goals, motivations, intentions and aspirations that a person has;
2. Regulatory, which is responsible for how behavior develops from beginning to end (until the goal is achieved) under certain conditions. The regulation of behavior is provided mainly by various kinds of processes and states.
Modern production is a complex and dynamic system based on labor collectives. The success of their production activities largely depends on the active attitude to work of ordinary members of the team, on the moral and psychological climate in the team and on the ability of the leader to manage people's behavior.
Managing people requires taking into account not only your own thoughts and feelings, but the thoughts and feelings of other people.
The ability of a leader to correctly understand the behavior of subordinates, to create a creative mood and enthusiasm (spiritual uplift) in the team when solving production problems - this is what constitutes the essence of the socio-organizational function of management.
A necessary condition for the successful fulfillment of such a function is the knowledge of the basics of psychology, sociology and pedagogy by the leader. The leader often faces tasks that cannot be solved without socio-psychological knowledge.
The leader in his work with people must distinguish between such concepts as a person, individuality, personality, group, team. Orientation in these concepts will help him to more accurately imagine the totality of factors that affect the employee and determine his behavior, which will help to better understand the need for an integrated approach to the organization of work and management.
In the development of technology and organization of labor, it is necessary to observe the most important qualitative features of a person: his physical structure, his mental properties. The manager should always keep in mind that each employee has their own needs and interests, which determine their life position and motivate their attitude to work.
The problem of individual awareness of the conditions and goals of human activity is of great interest for organizational (social) management, for a correct understanding of the behavior of a subordinate, for establishing scientifically qualified relations between a leader and subordinates.
Conclusion
In everyday life, we are often convinced of the dependence, or rather, the interdependence of physical well-being and mental state. There are many observations about the direct influence of the psyche on human health. At present, science knows that the human body is a highly self-organizing and self-regulating system. The human brain during its evolution has acquired a special property - the highest plasticity, that is, the ability to adapt to the most diverse and unexpected conditions of existence.
The development of the psyche is, first of all, a regular change in mental processes over time, expressed in their quantitative, qualitative and structural transformations.
Like any phenomenon in nature, the psyche has its own history of development and the laws by which this development took place. The development was long, it went a long way from the lowest and, consequently, primitive forms to the highest perfect ones. There are two ways of the history of the development of the psyche: phylogeny - historical development (covers the entire process of the evolution of a species, more global), phylogeny determines ontogeny by creating the natural prerequisites and social conditions necessary for it; ontogenesis - development from birth to death of a species, more specific and short for a particular individual. The ontogeny of the human psyche has a stage-by-stage character. The sequence of its stages is irreversible and predictable.
Human development is a continuous dynamic of change. These changes are especially evident when comparing an infant, a schoolchild, an adult and an old man. For many centuries there has been a mystery of the emergence of consciousness, emotional experiences, creative ups and downs, a complex inner world in a person who, at birth, is so fragile and helpless, deprived of the opportunity to speak about his feelings and needs.
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