Reveal the specifics of your emotional life, the strength and direction of feelings and experiences. Of course, the length of this part in relation to the whole text will depend on the purpose of your psychological portrait.
Be sure to remember your abilities, self-esteem, level of claims, strong-willed and moral and ethical qualities.
Related videos
You can take as a basis an example of any psychological characteristic found on the Internet.
Sources:
Seemingly simple at first glance interview wrong. Asking questions, you need to be able to talk to the interlocutor in such a way as to get the necessary information, and not a set of streamlined phrases. An interview is a dialogue in which the person who asks questions.
You will need
Instruction
First of all, the involvement or the era in the topic is important. If you really ask people or a specific person about him or an event that he became an eyewitness, then you don’t have to rack your brains over a list of questions. In advance, try to avoid cliché questions in the spirit of: “how did you become? how do you write songs? What did you experience, did your last book come out?”
Before the beginning interview think about what it will look like. Try to find as much information on the topic as possible. Make up approximate questions (about 10), determine their sequence. Of course during interview questions can change places, fall away, often new ones are born during the conversation questions. Keep in mind the concept of future material, do not deviate from the intended course, otherwise you will not get a whole interview but rather a set of rambling questions and answers. If the interlocutors do not hear each other, it is not interesting either. interview eru, nor interview to the listener, not to the reader.
According to the book Universal by David Randall, questions"with a twist" give out either an inexperienced interview er, or a reporter too preoccupied with his article. Ask classic but really important questions: what? where? when did it happen? as? ? Having received answers to them, you will understand that you have in your hands - key information.
Listen carefully to the answers. That way you won't get off course and let yourself be fooled by veiled phrases. Ask for clarification of them, often behind them lies not quite the meaning that you interpreted in your own way. The phrase "off the record" should be as rare as possible. To do this, stipulate in advance all the details of the conversation, and having agreed, do not deviate from your words.
Don't be afraid to sound like a fool by asking questions that are obvious to you. interview things. Remember that the information you receive will be read by people who are also interested in it. Most sources tend to be willing to tell a lot more if they see a person interested in their topic.
Useful advice
Always record the names, surnames and positions of the interviewees on paper, and then ask them to check personally, and not by ear, what you wrote in a notebook. Do not trust such data even to the highest quality sound recording equipment.
Sources:
Drawing human- one of the most difficult stages in the course of classes fine arts. And if it is not difficult for many novice artists to repeat the silhouette of a figure, then not everyone can convey a facial expression the first time.
You will need
Instruction
On the prepared sheet of paper, apply markings that will help you navigate in space. Note the location of the head, the direction of gaze, other aspects that are most significant in your case.
If you draw in full face, then mentally divide the face into two parts: upper and lower, draw a thin line. At this level, the eyes will be located. We took a profile - draw a conditional vertical line indicating the location of the ear and separating the scalp from the face.
Mark the location of the nose, eyebrows, chin, eyes. Do not go into details, just indicate the places where they will be located.
Draw hair with light movements, pay attention to significant details, the direction of hair growth, the location of the shadows.
Move on to the eyes. The ability to accurately convey the look is a real art, few venerable artists can boast of it. The cut line should be correct, so look closely at the sitter's face (or photograph). If you draw close-up, do not lose sight of the eyelids, small mimic wrinkles. Do not forget about the pupils, due to which you can "adjust" the direction of your gaze.
Draw eyebrows according to the growth of hairs - from the bridge of the nose to auricles. Do not liken them to sausages, make them more natural.
Before drawing the nose, mark its tip. It will be much more difficult to lengthen or shorten this element in the finished drawing, so it is better to immediately bring the dimensions closer to the real ones. Some artists do not draw the nose in great detail, but use it to convey its shadow shape. This technique will avoid misplaced accents.
This order is everything. Perfect cleanliness and exemplary order reign in his house. True, the wife should clean up, meekly obeying orders. Despotism in the family is like in the army - objections are not accepted. He will always find something to complain about.
In the company of friends, such a man is often cheerful and sociable, but at home he turns into a silent, serious and always dissatisfied boss. He simply can not behave in the family on an equal footing. A wife for him is a dumb slave who should be well able to follow his instructions. These private manifestations of despotism make the members of the family of this person dull and depressed.
Such men love to go shopping with their wives, because any thing must be bought under his vigilant control.
The wife of such a person is a weak-willed creature, she is tired and. Children with such a father also have a hard time. He always makes remarks to them: “do not run”, “do not indulge”, “you can’t”, “you can manage”. This type of domestic tyrant believes that offspring should be brought up in strictness and no frills. In the family of such a tyrant, physical violence takes place.
Such a tyrant will not beat anyone. A narcissistic despot simply does not need this - he is above this everyday life. This man is just obsessed with himself. He is usually attractive and smart.
He sincerely believes that his interests are simply beyond the reach of simple estimates, i.e. wife and children. These men build their relationships in the family in such a way that others begin to really obey them. A narcissistic tyrant builds a wall around himself, outsiders are strictly forbidden to enter his world. This person will not stoop to primitive scandals, he will simply show his contempt and begin to behave detached and independent.
Narcissistic tyrants love to be sick. They constantly listen to themselves, to their health. Such a man can talk for hours about his illnesses, but they are very annoyed when one of the household members suddenly gets really sick. This causes him discomfort and irritation. No one in his family should get sick, especially his wife.
Such family tyrants are useless in everyday life. They don't stoop to doing housework. They prefer to ignore burnt out light bulbs or a leaky faucet.
Such men treat their children coolly. Their children are usually very quiet and obedient. The wife must bring up their offspring so that they do not bother the pope and do not distract him from narcissism.
In sex, such a tyrant cares only about his own pleasure. He doesn't care about his wife's feelings. He only works for himself.
The most unpredictable type of tyrant. In that psychological type at the same time a loving slave and a cruel despot.
He is completely focused on the desires of his wife. For him, the purpose of life is to satisfy all her needs. True, only those desires that, in his opinion, are considered really important.
The wife of a submissive slave will never be independent. She is completely surrounded by his attention, she simply does not have freedom of choice.
Such men suffer from frequent mood swings. They are prone to prolonged periods of depression. They often threaten even to commit suicide, although they almost never put these threats into practice.
Everyone around him will know about his love for his wife. Children in such a family will become the main tool psychological impact. Dad will always remind his children how much he loves their mother, and will try to create in their eyes the image of an ideal parent. This kind of tyranny is extremely detrimental to the mental and emotional health of the relatives and friends of this person.
This is the most terrible kind of family. Such a man is extremely unpredictable, he is able to turn his woman into an eternally repentant and guilty creature, literally terrorize her with his continuous psychological pressure.
Related videos
Sources:
Alexander B., a young man of 25, agreed to become a test subject for compiling a psychological portrait of a person. He has a higher education in management and is currently working as a sales representative of one of the commercial firms in Novosibirsk. The psychological portrait was compiled after several conversations with Alexander and his colleagues and testing with a 16-factor Cattell personality questionnaire. Psychological portrait of personality sample analysis of a person's character.
Alexander is distinguished by high growth, normal physique. Has the ability to last physical stress. According to him, he loves to walk with a fast, wide step, which is probably due to professional necessity. All his movements are well coordinated, fast and precise.
Alexander's facial expressions can be called somewhat monotonous, but at the same time quite expressive, always corresponding to experiences. He has a casual smile. Gesticulation, like the rest of his movements, is more expressive and lively than facial expressions. All his movements are very simple and natural. One of Alexander's favorite gestures is the "conducting" gesture. He likes to put his hand down, beat the beat with a short movement of the brush, stroke his head with his hand against the hair. When it comes to business, he often diligently suppresses his mental and emotional manifestations.
Alexander B. speaks very clearly and clearly, in a rather low voice, somewhat drawn out, very clearly, expressively, with good diction. According to him, at school he took part in amateur art activities, which influenced his speech and voice, but he never had the desire to continue these studies more seriously.
Gymnastics and sports are not systematically involved. He likes to watch different games, but he rarely takes part in them. As a child, he loved games associated with risk - climbing steep, steep rocks or trees.
Strives for solitude, does not like noisy companies. Rather secretive - prefers not to express his thoughts openly and does not show his feelings. He speaks warmly about his friends, while noting that he had close friends at the institute, but now he does not often meet with them. When asked about the existence of a beloved girl, he answered that while he had not seriously fallen in love, there were only light hobbies.
In clothes, he has his own individual style, although he does not like cardinal changes - rather, he complements, deepens, and improves what was previously developed.
The character is close to sanguine. In a word, an ideal sample for compiling psychological portrait of a person.
According to the data obtained as a result of testing according to the Cattell method, Alexander B. is dominated by the following character traits, the most developed in the personality structure: asceticism, nobility, conservatism, isolation, organization, practicality, adherence to principles, rationalism, self-sufficiency, restraint, cooperation, patience, purposefulness, honesty.
Below is a psychological portrait of a person an example of writing.
Alexander B. has a rational and practical mind. He is always calm and reserved. He likes to think and make plans about his future life, when drawing up these plans, career growth occupies a large place in them.
According to colleagues: Alexander is not petty, open and unsophisticated, responsible and reliable. Often shows nobility in responsible and difficult life situations, shows a firm grasp in business. He is distinguished by the efficiency and accuracy of the implementation of his plans. Plans, especially when it comes to work, almost always take a concrete, complete form. He has the patience and determination to overcome difficulties without the support of friends or family members. Unusually persistent, thorough, interested in details and specific procedures. Correct, steady and stable.
Alexander B. is distinguished by activity and adventurism, and gives the impression of a bold and resolute person, enterprising and self-confident, thinking independently.
He has adequate self-esteem, this is expressed in a sense of self-confidence, the presence of self-determination, an inner core. In behavior, this is manifested in activity, the desire to expand the field of one's activity, and the absence of fear of failure. Not afraid to take risky steps, take the initiative. He is quite independent in his views and desires. He speaks of more experienced colleagues with warmth and respect.
In relations with others, Alexander B. is dominated by the motive of cooperation, rationalism. He enjoys helping colleagues and friends. The healthy pragmatism inherent in him convinced him of the idea that in business the final result, visible, tangible and practical, is most important. He is caring for his immediate environment, knows how to convince of the validity of his actions and deeds.
On the basis of data on childhood addiction to risky games and entertainment, and a reluctance to take part in team games, it can be concluded that with a commitment to freedom in choosing activities, there is no need for cooperation with other people when it comes to hobbies and non-career activities.
Alexander takes his work seriously and thoroughly, he is inclined to do all the work from beginning to end himself, not trusting others. After the work is completed, it is important for him to find out the opinion of others about what has been done. We can say that Alexander needs recognition by others of the value of what he has done. Otherwise, he loses confidence in the importance and necessity of what he is doing, and in this case he may even lose interest in work. O is completely at a loss when people express dissatisfaction with his work.
It is very important for him to receive precise and comprehensive instructions from the management - he must know exactly when and what to do. In a situation of unpredictable developments in the future, and also if a lot of unplanned things have fallen on his head, he can easily develop a stressful state.
Consistency in everything, solidity, stability of aspirations, focus on the constant systematization of all accumulated experience and knowledge can be hypertrophied, and in turn lead to such character accentuation as pedantry.
He is constantly busy searching for the very best in life. Covered by ideas of self-improvement, although these ideas do not affect personal relationships, but mainly relate to his work and career development. This can lead to the devaluation of what Alexander has at the moment.
Alexander has a desire to help others, but his actions and deeds are sometimes intrusive. The desire to sacrifice oneself for the sake of others, but just when it is not only not necessary, but on the contrary, can be harmful.
Some ambition sometimes leads him to confrontation even with friends, can lead to tension in relations with colleagues. Alexander spoke about cases when he got into scandalous situations, while there was no fault of his in what happened.
Alexander B. is quite reserved when it comes to his relationships with loved ones and family members. It is difficult to create a trusting and emotionally warm atmosphere in dealing with him. It gives the impression of a person who is only interested in those areas of activity that will lead him to professional success and career growth.
For a person who has psychological features First of all, we can recommend attending socio-psychological trainings, such as, for example, trainings for building a team, trainings for forming communication skills and skills.
This will: expand the possibilities of establishing contact in different situations communication; develop the skills of understanding other people, yourself, as well as relationships between people; activate the processes of self-knowledge and self-actualization; expand the range of their creative abilities.
From the description of a sample of a psychological portrait of a person, it can be seen that Alexander B. pays little attention to communication with loved ones, there is no mention of the existence of close friends or a girlfriend at the moment. It is also difficult for him to take into account the dynamics of interpersonal relationships in his behavior. In this case, you can recommend attending trainings in interpersonal relations.
Individual work with a psychologist can also give good results. The unwillingness of Alexander B. to talk about his relationships with loved ones, about family members, the lack of serious hobbies for people of the opposite sex suggests that in this case there may be a certain internal conflict, the resolution of which will give energy, opportunities and desire for further development and self-actualization of the personality .
Psychological analysis of the personality portrait
psychological personality questionnaire emotional
Watching other people, how they work, study, experience joys and sorrows, we often pay attention to the differences in their behavior. After all, everyone grew up and was brought up in different families, in different conditions, that is, in a different social environment. All this directly affects how a person will be in his adult life, how he will build his relationships with other people, what character traits he will have .... Based on observations of people, having some knowledge of psychology, we can make a psychological analysis of the portrait of a person. It is very useful to draw up such an analysis in order to successfully manage people, to make it easier to find relationships with them. mutual language know their strengths and weaknesses.
Starting the psychological analysis of the personality, let us find out, first of all, what he will be like. Usually, the personality structure includes: temperament, character, volitional qualities, abilities, emotions. These concepts are relatively constant in a person and in their totality represent a psychological portrait of a person. According to these criteria, I will conduct my psychological analysis.
In my work, I will conduct a psychological analysis of my friend Christina. Her age is 23 years old. She has a higher education with a degree in jurisprudence. Currently works in a firm that provides notarial and legal services to the public. Christina also graduated music school, piano department. At the moment, he continues to make music.
We now turn directly to psychological analysis. Let's talk about temperament first. In order to more accurately determine Christina's temperament, I suggested that she take the Jung questionnaire. The results showed that she is an ambivert, that is, she combines the traits of both an extrovert and an introvert. This suggests that big problems she does not feel in communication, but lightness in it is not characteristic of her either. For example, if Christina finds herself in a situation where you need to show organizational skills (when working in groups on seminars, at any events, etc.), then in most cases she will not show her initiative. In contrast to this, I can make the following argument: Christina has many friends, it is pleasant and interesting to communicate with her, everyone treats her well and respects her, getting into society, she looks sociable. But in this communication she does not have a special need. She likes to spend time alone with herself, she rarely meets with friends. This suggests that she combines the features of both an introvert and an extrovert. It can also be said about Christina that she takes risks only if it is justified. For example, there was such a situation in her life: speaking at a conference on English language, the teacher promised to put the final grade for the semester automatically. Christina understood that it was difficult to learn all the tickets, it was better to overcome her fear and insecurity and speak at the conference, as a result, she spoke and received an automatic five. In this situation, she did so because she understood that it was worth it, her risk would be justified. But when she is offered to participate in debates or discussions, just for the sake of expressing her point of view, she often refuses. This once again confirms that Christina is an ambivert. The test results exactly matched what Christina really is, I confirmed this with examples from her life.
Christina also passed the Eysenck questionnaire to determine temperament. The result of the questionnaire showed that she belongs to such a personality type as a phlegmatic. This is manifested in the fact that she has stable aspirations and moods. It has a strong, balanced, efficient nervous system. Christina is very hardworking, loves to bring everything she has started to the end. Her facial expressions, speech, movements are calm, to some extent even slow. She also has difficulty switching from one job to another and does not adapt well to a new environment. I will confirm these provisions with examples from the life of Christina. She can work from morning until night until she completes all the work that she has planned, or that needs to be completed on time. It often happens that Christina works seven days a week. At the same time, she always has the patience to bring everything to the end. But at the same time, Christina can only work successfully in her usual environment. For example, when she changed jobs, at first it was very difficult for her. Outwardly, it was noticeably small, but internally she felt discomfort, although she tried to fight it in order to quickly get used to the new team and the new workplace. She also finds it difficult to switch from one activity to another. For example, when she finishes working with clients, it is difficult for her to switch to working with documentation, she swings for a long time. All this confirms that Christina is a phlegmatic.
I will now move on to describe Christina's character. Taking as a basis the criterion of attitude to life, we can say that she is an optimist. Always knows how to find in events and people bright sides. She loves her life and the people around her. Christina rarely gets discouraged, even if she has some kind of trouble. In such cases, she simply tries not to think about the bad, and sets herself up for the fact that all this is temporary, all bad things pass. In her opinion, despondency is not a completely constructive emotion. Thanks to this character trait, Christina always moves towards her goals and achieves them no matter what. Last year, she took part in the Star Trek competition, people took part in it. different ages where they showed their talents. In this competition, Christina performed a song. But then she failed to take the prize. Drawing a conclusion from this situation, she realized that she just needed to better prepare for the competition and confidently go after victory, at that moment, according to her, she was not at all upset, but on the contrary, she was glad that she had room to grow and something to strive for . Even this situation from her life suggests that Christina is an optimistic type of people.
Also, describing the character, I can say that Christina is very disciplined. This character trait is manifested in her life everywhere. For example, that she is punctual. If he makes an appointment with someone, he always arrives on time, often even in advance. In order to do his job more successfully, he draws up an action plan that he strictly adheres to. Given today's pace of life, it is very difficult to stick to the daily routine, but Christina manages to do it to some extent. She tries to eat at the same time, goes to bed on time if possible, does exercises in the morning, in other words, leads healthy lifestyle life. Christina keeps herself within tight limits, beyond which she tries not to overstep.
If we consider Christina's character from the point of view of her attitude to other people, to the team, to society, then we can say that she belongs to the individualistic type of people. This is manifested in the fact that she prefers individual work to work in groups. Relies only on himself, does not like to ask people for anything. She tries to do everything herself, she hopes only for herself. Such a trait has been present in Christina's character since childhood, I think that the reason for this lies in her upbringing. Parents always encouraged manifestations of independence, which developed such a character trait in her.
Describing Christina's character from the point of view of her attitude towards herself, I can say that she is self-critical. Adequately evaluates himself and his actions. He sees his own mistakes and, if possible, tries to correct them. He works hard on his shortcomings and complexes. For example, most recently, Christina took a training course on "How to become a self-confident person." This suggests that she sees her shortcoming, which needs to be fought, and is trying to eradicate it. When something doesn’t work out for her, she blames herself, first of all, and not circumstances and other people, she tries to understand what her mistake is. I already gave an example about her participation in the Star Trek competition. Then, she concluded that she needed to work more on herself, grow spiritually and professionally, and did not blame the jury or any circumstances for her defeat. All this confirms that Christina is very self-critical.
Analyzing the character and temperament of Christina, I also used E. Kretschmer's personality typology, according to which the temperament and character of a person depends on the physique. According to this theory, Christina belongs to such a type as an asthenic, since she has a thin physique, long arms and legs, a flat chest and weak muscles. This type of personality corresponds to such a type of character as schizotimic. This suggests that Christina is closed, serious, stubborn, it is difficult to adapt to new conditions. So it is, this description is fully consistent with Christina. The presence of these character traits I argued above.
Now let's move on to the analysis of Christina's abilities. Since childhood, she dreamed of playing the piano, she constantly sang and arranged concerts for her parents at home with her girlfriends. All this testified to her musicality. When she was 6 years old, she entered the music school, the piano department. Upon admission, it was necessary to pass exams, where musical ear was tested. Christina did well on her exam. During the training, she almost never had problems, teachers praised her. Christina often took part in various music competitions and is still doing it, often in such competitions she won. Today, she continues to develop her musical abilities, is engaged in music.
And now I want to turn to the analysis of Christina's volitional qualities. Taking this criterion as a basis, I can say that Christina is a strong-willed person, that is, a person with a strong will. This is manifested in the fact that, starting any work, setting a goal or fulfilling a plan, Christina knows how to overcome difficulties and failures, both internal and external. This is evidenced by the fact that Christina can spend time at work from morning to night, and sometimes even work seven days a week. Despite the fact that in the course of this work she is accompanied by many difficulties, such as fatigue and the need for precision in work. Also, her behavior in most cases is quite responsible. You can rely on her in a difficult situation, she will never let you down.
Now I will move on to describe Christina's emotionality. At different types People express their emotions in different ways. Since Christina belongs to such a type of person as a phlegmatic, it can be judged that she seems impregnable to other people, to some extent mysterious. Her emotional condition is in perfect balance. Most often, Christina restrains her emotions or shows them weakly. And all this is true. Christina is very difficult to piss off. She is very patient. I once witnessed when, while riding on a bus, she accidentally stepped on the foot of a person standing next to her. young man, he answered something rudely to her, but Christina simply calmly apologized and continued to talk to me just as naturally. This indicates that she keeps her emotions to herself, behaves with restraint. But such restraint of emotions interferes with her performances, where emotionality is needed. Christina has to work hard on this, and this allows her to achieve success.
Conducting a psychological analysis, I talked a lot with Christina, asked her various questions, and conducted tests. This helped me to better characterize her personality, to identify some features. Such analyzes are very useful, as you begin to better understand people and the reasons for their actions.
21. Socio-psychological portrait of a person
Academician B.G. Ananiev, who created the Leningrad school of psychologists, substantiated that each person has a bright personality that combines his natural and personal characteristics. Through individuality, the originality of the personality, its abilities, and the preferred field of activity are revealed. In individuality, basic and programming properties are distinguished. The basic ones include temperament, character, abilities of a person. It is through the basic properties that the dynamic characteristics of the psyche (emotionality, rate of reactions, activity, plasticity, sensitivity) are revealed and a certain style of behavior and activity of the individual is formed. Basic properties - an alloy of innate and acquired in the process of education and socialization of personality traits.
The main driving force behind the development of individuality is its programming properties - orientation, intelligence and self-awareness. Individuality has its own inner mental world, self-consciousness and self-regulation of behavior, which are formed and act as organizers of the behavior of the "I".
Based on the assessment of personality traits, it is possible to compile her psychological portrait, which includes the following components: temperament; character; capabilities; orientation; intellectuality; emotionality; volitional qualities; ability to communicate; self-esteem; level of self-control; ability for group interaction.
Personality development continues throughout life. With age, only the position of a person changes - from an object of education in the family, school, university, he turns into a subject of education and must actively engage in self-education.
Temperament
The founder of the doctrine of temperament is the ancient Greek physician Hippocrates (V-IV centuries BC), who believed that there are four main fluids in the human body: blood, mucus, bile and black bile. The names of temperaments, given by the name of liquids, have survived to this day: choleric, comes from the word "bile", sanguine - from the word "blood", phlegmatic - mucus and melancholic - black bile. Hippocrates explained the severity of a certain type of temperament in a particular person by the predominance of one or another liquid.
In modern psychology, the word "temperament" refers to the dynamic features of the human psyche, that is, only the pace, rhythm, intensity of the flow of mental processes, but not their content. Therefore, temperament cannot be defined by the word “good” or “bad”. Temperament is the biological foundation of our personality, it is based on the properties of the human nervous system and depends on the structure of the human body, metabolism in the body. Temperamental traits are hereditary, so they are extremely difficult to change. Temperament determines the style of human behavior, the ways that a person uses to organize his activities. Therefore, when studying the traits of temperament, efforts should be directed not to their changes, but to the knowledge of the characteristics of temperament in order to determine the type of human activity.
Types of temperaments:
1. Sanguine is the owner of a strong type of nervous system (that is, nervous processes have strength and duration), balanced, mobile (excitation is easily replaced by inhibition and vice versa);
2. Choleric is the owner of an unbalanced type of nervous system (with a predominance of excitation over inhibition);
3. Phlegmatic - with a strong, balanced, but inert, immobile type of nervous system;
4. Melancholic - with a weak unbalanced type of nervous system.
Character
Character (Greek - “chasing”, “imprint”) is a set of stable individual characteristics of a person that develops and manifests itself in activity and communication, which determines her typical ways of behavior. Those personality traits that relate to character are called character traits. Character traits are not random manifestations of personality, but stable features of human behavior, features that have become properties of the personality itself. The character expresses not random, but the most typical, essential features of a person.
In the structure of character, 4 groups of traits are distinguished, expressing the attitude of the individual to a certain side of the activity:
To work (for example, industriousness, a penchant for creativity, conscientiousness in work, responsibility, initiative, perseverance and their opposite features - laziness, a tendency to routine work, irresponsibility, passivity);
To other people, a team, society (for example, sociability, sensitivity, responsiveness, respect, collectivism and their opposites - isolation, callousness, callousness, rudeness, contempt, individualism);
To oneself (for example, self-esteem, correctly understood pride and self-criticism associated with it, modesty and the opposite of them - self-conceit, sometimes turning into vanity, arrogance, touchiness, self-centeredness, selfishness);
To things (for example, accuracy, thrift, generosity, or, on the contrary, stinginess, etc.).
K. Leonhard identified 4 types of character: demonstrative, pedantic, stuck, excitable.
The demonstrative type, which got its name because of the ability of people of this type to express their emotions very strongly, from the point of view of others - more strongly than they are experiencing at the moment. The demonstrative personality has developed the ability to force out some traumatic ideas from consciousness: it can lie without realizing that it is lying, while the demonstrative personality's lie differs from the conscious lie of a pretending person. She does not pretend, but really at the moment believes in what she is trying to convince others. A demonstrative personality deeply gets used to the image required by the situation, it is characterized by high artistry in expressing any feeling: grief, admiration, etc.
With positive social development, a demonstrative personality can become an excellent writer, actor, social worker - thanks to the ability to get used to a different image, to understand another person.
The opposite of demonstrative is pedantic. If a demonstrative person makes decisions quickly, impulsively, the process of deliberation is minimized, then a pedantic person hesitates for a long time and carefully considers his actions. Negative features of this nature can be indecisiveness, fear of an accident or mistake, which makes it necessary to constantly check and double-check your actions, whether the gas is turned off, whether there are errors in the report, whether hands are dirty, etc., unless, of course, these are isolated cases, but sustainable behavior. But, as you know, our virtues are a continuation of our shortcomings, and a pedantic character can be expressed in such excellent qualities as punctuality, accuracy, responsibility, forethought, prudence, concern for one's own health, avoidance of excesses - in a word, the whole complex, which a demonstrative personality clearly lacks.
The next type of character is stuck. People of this type are characterized by a very long delay in strong feelings (affects) of rage, anger, fear, especially when they were not expressed in real life due to some external circumstances. This affect may not fade and flare up with its original intensity weeks, months, even years later. A stuck person experiences his successes just as long and brightly enough. People of this type are distinguished by touchiness and vindictiveness. The most common “ideas”, the themes of getting stuck are: jealousy, persecution, revenge. These people can say about themselves: "I can forgive an offense, but not forget it."
In excitable personalities, just like in demonstrative and stuck ones, a very uneven course of life is often stated, however, not because they constantly avoid difficulties, but because they often express discontent, show irritability and a tendency to impulsive actions, without bothering to weigh the consequences . Failure to manage oneself leads to conflicts.
Capabilities
Ability in psychology is considered as a special property of a psychological functional system, expressed in a certain level of its productivity. Quantitative parameters of system productivity are accuracy, reliability (stability), speed of operation. Ability is measured by solving problems of a certain level of difficulty, resolving situations, etc.
The level of abilities is determined by the degree of resolvability of contradictions between the properties of the individual and the relationship of the individual. The best option is when there is an ability in any field of activity and an interest in doing it.
Abilities are divided into general and special. General abilities can predetermine a tendency to a fairly wide range of activities; they are formed by the development of intelligence and personality traits.
General abilities include:
willingness to work, the need to work, diligence and high efficiency;
character traits - attentiveness, composure, purposefulness, observation;
development of creative thinking, flexibility of mind, ability to navigate in difficult situations, adaptability, high productivity of mental activity.
The general ability acts as a socio-psychological basis for the development of special abilities for a certain type of activity: musical, research, teaching, etc.
Orientation
The basis of the orientation of the personality is the motivation of its activities, behavior, satisfaction of needs. Orientation is on the task, on communication, on oneself.
Intelligence
The famous Soviet psychologist S.L. Rubinstein considered intelligence as a type of human behavior - "smart behavior". The core of intelligence is the ability of a person to identify essential properties in a situation and bring his behavior in line with them. Intelligence is a system of mental processes that ensure the realization of a person's ability to assess the situation, make decisions and, in accordance with this, regulate their behavior.
Intelligence is especially important in non-standard situations - as a symbol of teaching a person everything new.
Intelligence can also be defined as the general ability to act purposefully, think rationally, and function effectively in environment(Wexler).
The structure of intelligence depends on a number of factors: age, level of education, the specifics of professional activity and individual characteristics.
In addition to cognitive, there is professional and social intelligence (the ability to solve problems of interpersonal relations, to find a rational way out of the situation).
Emotionality
Since the time of Plato, all mental life has been divided into three relatively independent entities: mind, will, and feelings, or emotions.
The mind and will to some extent obey us, but emotions always arise and act against our will and desire. They reflect the personal significance and assessment of external and internal situations for human life in the form of experiences. This is the subjectivity and involuntary nature of emotions.
The ability to manage emotions most often means the ability to hide them. Ashamed, but pretending to be indifferent; it hurts, but it is hidden; offensive, but outwardly only irritation or anger. We can not show our emotions, because of this they do not weaken, but often become even more painful or take a defensive form of aggression.
All emotional phenomena are divided into affects, actually emotions, feelings, moods and stressful conditions.
The most powerful emotional reaction is affect. It captures the whole person and subjugates his thoughts and actions. Affect is always situational, intense and relatively short-lived. It occurs as a result of some strong (objective or subjective) shock.
Actually, emotions are a longer reaction that arises not only as a reaction to past events, but mainly to those that are supposed or remembered. Emotions reflect the event in the form of a generalized subjective assessment.
Feelings are stable emotional states that have a clearly expressed objective character. These are relationships to specific events or people (perhaps imaginary).
Moods are long-term emotional states. This is the background against which all other mental processes proceed. The mood reflects the general attitude of accepting or not accepting the world. The prevailing moods in a given person may be related to his temperament.
Stress is a non-specific reaction of the body in response to an unexpected and tense situation. This is a physiological reaction, which is expressed in the mobilization of the body's reserve capabilities. The reaction is called non-specific, since it occurs in response to any adverse effect - cold, fatigue, pain, humiliation, etc.
Ability to communicate
Communication is an extremely subtle and delicate process of human interaction. In communication, the individual characteristics of all participants in this process are most diversely revealed. Communication has its own functions, means, types, types, channels, phases.
The most obvious function of communication is the transmission of some information, some content and meaning. Means of communication are verbal (speech in various forms) and non-verbal (pantomime, facial expressions, gestures, etc.).
Types of communication: communication of two (dialogue), communication in a small group, in a large group, with a mass, anonymous communication, intergroup communication. The listed types refer to direct communication.
Communication channels: visual, auditory, tactile (touch), somatosensory (sensations of one's body).
Types of communication: functional-role (boss - subordinate, teacher - student, seller - buyer), interpersonal, business, rapport (communication with one-sided trust - the patient trusts).
Self-esteem
On the basis of self-knowledge, a person develops a certain emotional-value attitude towards himself, which is expressed in self-esteem. Self-esteem involves an assessment of one's abilities, psychological qualities and actions, one's life goals and the possibilities of achieving them, as well as one's place among other people.
Self-esteem can be underestimated, overestimated and adequate (normal).
